Microsurgical anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve

Distribution of the hypoglossal nerve at the base of the tongue and its clinical importance in radiofrequency ablation therapy

“…For this reason, this region has been subject to previous studies in which there were several descriptions about the course and the topographic relationships of the hypoglossal nerve (2,12,13). In agreement with our description of the configuration of the hypoglossal nerve and adjacent neurovascular structures before entering the tongue, Bademci and Yasargil (13) also suggested that the lingual nerve lay uppermost.…”

Revisiting the relationship between the submandibular duct, lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve

“…Deep part of the gland is related to the LN superiorly and HN inferiorly. The first part of the SD lies beneath the LN and above the HN [2]. The LN is replaced superiorly under the mandible and is attached to the gland by the submandibular ganglion.…”

Man with Tongue Deviation

“…The nerve then travels anterolaterally through the foramen magnum, exiting the posterior cranial fossa just anterior to the occipital condyles (1)(2). Cranial nerve XII innervates the ipsilateral intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.…”