Participants of the second colloquium of the Residency Review and Redesign in Pediatrics (R 3 P) Project considered 3 primary questions: What is a "good doctor"? How do we make one? and How do we know when we have made one? Experts from other countries and other medical specialties helped participants wrestle with these most basic questions. Participants emerged with a better feeling of the utility of different types of evaluations needed to determine resident competence. It was clear that the complexity of the task requires faculty education and development. Most important, it requires the ongoing commitment of all of pediatrics as we seek to link education directly to better health outcomes for children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics 2009;123:S17-S21 U NCERTAINTIES SURROUNDING EVOLVING health care needs of children, pediatric workforce, and financial structure that permeated the first colloquium of the Residency Review and Redesign in Pediatrics (R 3 P) Project carried over into the second colloquium, entitled "The Theory and Practice of GME and Certification." 1 In addition, the transformation in medical education that began with the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Outcome Project 2 heralded another uncertainty: "Will this transformation create better doctors?" The ACGME has begun to redefine the "good doctor" by expanding the requirements for learning and assessment from traditional focus on patient care and medical knowledge to include application of knowledge and 4 additional competencies: interpersonal and communication skills; professionalism; practice-based learning and improvement; and systems-based practice. The latter two competencies embrace, respectively, concepts of reflection on practice with the intent of improvement and on ability to function within the context of the larger health care-delivery system. This transformation, along with evolving and emerging health needs of children and adolescents, has called current models of training and assessment into question. The pediatric community is not alone in this self-study; the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Board of Family Medicine are raising similar questions. [3][4][5][6] In this article, we report on the theory and practice of graduate medical education (GME) by guiding the reader through the activities and content of the second R 3 P Project colloquium.The goals of the colloquium were articulated by Dr Helena Davies from the United Kingdom, the keynote speaker and an expert in workplace-based assessments. She challenged the group with 3 questions:1. What is a good doctor? Does the definition change with time and context? Will the good doctor of today have the same attributes and skills as the good doctor of tomorrow?2. How do we make a good doctor? Do current training paradigms prepare pediatricians to meet the challenges of our patients? Will we be able to adapt them to meet the emerging needs of tomorrow's children? Is training designed with the end in mind, that is, are ...