Microtubules are core components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton with essential roles in cell division, shaping, intracellular transport, and motility. Despite their functional heterogeneity, microtubules have a highly conserved structure made from almost identical molecular building blocks; the tubulin proteins. Alternative tubulin isotypes and a variety of posttranslational modifications control the properties and functions of the microtubule cytoskeleton, a concept known as the 'tubulin code'. This concept first emerged with the discovery that α-and β-tubulin are each encoded by multiple genes, but it took decades before its functional importance begun to emerge. Here we review the current understanding of the molecular components of the tubulin code, and how they impact microtubule properties and functions. We discuss how tubulin isotypes and posttranslational modifications control microtubule behaviour at the molecular level, and how this translates into physiological functions at the cellular and organism levels. We further show how the fine-tuning of microtubule functions by some tubulin modifications affects homeostasis, and how its perturbation can lead to a large variety of dysfunctions, many of them linked to human disorders.