Microvascular Aspects of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Retinopathy

Newsome, David A.; Green, W. Richard; Miller, Earl D.; Kiessling, Lou Ann; Morgan, Basil; Jabs, Douglas A.; Polk, B. Frank

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(84)90245-9

Cited by 139 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Trypsin digest-flat mount preparations also showed acellular capillaries of the retina in experimental hy pertension [20] and focal dropout of the capil laries in other retinopathies such as diabetic and AIDS retinopathies [21]. However, both procedures could demonstrate only changes in the superficial capillary network of the reti na, because these procedures cannot reveal both superficial and deep retinal capillary net- works.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular Changes in Retinas of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Demonstrated by Corrosion Casts

Bhutto¹,

Amemiya²

1997

Ophthalmic Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The changes in the capillary network of the retina in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were demonstrated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Corrosion casts with scanning electron microscopy provided a three-dimensional view of the microvasculature of the rat retina and could detect the conspicuous features of the retinal vasculature in SHR. In general, when hypertension lasted for 6–7 months in SHR, tortuosity of the retinal vessels was noted, and later the SHR retina showed increased tortuosity and generalized narrowing of the vessels, localized constriction of the veins, arteriovenous crossing defects, and marked capillary changes, such as caliber irregularity, narrowing, bead-like capillaries, loop formation and localized obliteration. At a later stage, when the blood pressure had been sustained for a long time, there was marked capillary constriction which first affected the superficial capillary network, then scattered capillary network constriction and finally capillary dropout. Transmission electron microscopy revealed narrow capillary lumina and thin endothelium with scarce cytoplasmic components and damaged pericytes. These morphological changes in the capillary network were probably due to structural damage to the endothelial cells, facilitated possibly by compression of the precapillary arterioles. The severity of these changes was usually proportional to the degree and duration of hypertension. These findings indicate that the retinal capillary changes are probably related to hypertension.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular Changes in Retinas of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Demonstrated by Corrosion Casts

Bhutto¹,

Amemiya²

1997

Ophthalmic Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Both large and small vessels display marked endothelial hyperproliferation, death, and monolayer disorganization, leading to aneurysms, occlusions, and telangiectasias (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Strikingly, HIV-1-infected patients also develop an unusually aggressive form of the vascular neoplasm Kaposi sarcoma, suggesting a prominent contribution of HIV-1 in determining the behavior of Kaposi sarcoma cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-1 Tat Activates Dual Nox Pathways Leading to Independent Activation of ERK and JNK MAP Kinases

Myers

et al. 2007

Journal of Biological Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 Tat is known to exert pleiotropic effects on the vascular endothelium through mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, although the signaling pathways leading to MAP kinase activation are incompletely understood. We focused on proximal pathways potentially governing downstream MAP kinase activity by Tat. Within 2 min, Tat activated both Ras and Rho GTPases in endothelial cells, leading to ERK phosphorylation by 10 min. Notably, Rac1 was necessary for downstream activation of RhoA and both Rac1 and RhoA acted upstream of the Ras/ERK cassette. Antioxidants and the oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium blocked ERK phosphorylation, but specific interference with the canonical Nox2 oxidase had no effect on ERK. Instead, knock down of the novel oxidase Nox4 completely suppressed Tat-dependent Ras and ERK activation downstream of Rac1 and RhoA. Conversely, interference with Rac1, PAK1, and Nox2 blocked JNK phosphorylation, whereas RhoA(N19) and Nox4 knock down did not. Further, knock down of Nox2, but not Nox4, blocked Tat-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement, whereas knock down of Nox4, but not Nox2, blocked Tat-dependent proliferation. Rac1, therefore, bifurcates Tat signaling, leading to concurrent but separate Nox4-dependent Ras/ERK activation, and Nox2-dependent JNK activation. Tat signaling, therefore, provides an example of Nox-specific differential control of MAP kinase pathways.

show abstract

“…These findings express the microvascular pattern usually associated with AIDS in the retina and if a systematic examination is carried out with fluorescein angiography, according to Newsome et al [13], it appears in 100% of the cases. It appears that retinal hemorrhages would rep resent manifestations of AIDS in the retina linked to the disease itself as they have a transitory character similar to cotton-wooltype spots and there is no basic pathology to justify them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Ophthalmic Manifestations of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Turu

Civera²,

Latorre³

1988

Ophthalmologica

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ophthalmic manifestations were studied in 34 patients suffering from AIDS. Ophthalmic disorders were found in 20 of these (58%), the most frequent being a cottonwool-type spot (94.7%). Three patients showed an ophthalmic state compatible with choroid ischemia and atrophy of the pigmented epithelium of the retina. Three patients had necrotizing retinitis probably of viral etiology (cytomegalovirus). Other disorders observed were intraretinal hemorrhages, Roth’s spots, microaneurysms, periphlebitis and ocular infiltration by Kaposi’s sarcoma.

show abstract

Microvascular Aspects of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Retinopathy

Cited by 139 publications

References 19 publications

Vascular Changes in Retinas of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Demonstrated by Corrosion Casts

Vascular Changes in Retinas of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Demonstrated by Corrosion Casts

HIV-1 Tat Activates Dual Nox Pathways Leading to Independent Activation of ERK and JNK MAP Kinases

Ophthalmic Manifestations of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About