Microvesicles: What is the Role in Multiple Sclerosis?

Carandini, Tiziana; Colombo, Federico; Finardi, Annamaria; Casella, Giacomo; Garzetti, Livia; Verderio, Claudia; Furlan, Roberto

doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00111

Cited by 42 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…EVs derived from both microglia and astrocytes have an active role in neuroinflammation, in part by spreading proinflammatory signals; for example, during multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease 84,85 . Such microvesicles contain pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), caspase 1 and the P 2 X 7 receptor, among others.…”

Section: Evs In Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deciphering the mechanisms that trigger EV release, promote EV uptake, provide cell target specificity and determine cargo selectivity is critical to the development of EVs as therapeutic agents in a clinical setting. Second, given that evidence suggests that exosomes also have the potential to spread nefarious factors, such as prion-like proteins 110 and pathological inflammation 84,85 , as discussed above, as well as viruses 111 , many safety concerns for their use in the clinic remain. Although the idea of generating artificial EVs is attractive, a more thorough understanding of EV biology will be paramount to their construction and use as a Trojan horse to combat disease.…”

Section: Evs In Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracellular vesicles round off communication in the nervous system

2016

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Functional neural competence and integrity require interactive exchanges among sensory and motor neurons, interneurons and glial cells. Recent studies have attributed some of the tasks needed for these exchanges to extracellular vesicles (such as exosomes and microvesicles), which are most prominently involved in shuttling reciprocal signals between myelinating glia and neurons, thus promoting neuronal survival, the immune response mediated by microglia, and synapse assembly and plasticity. Such vesicles have also been identified as important factors in the spread of neurodegenerative disorders and brain cancer. These extracellular vesicle functions add a previously unrecognized level of complexity to transcellular interactions within the nervous system.

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Section: Evs In Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evs In Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular vesicles round off communication in the nervous system

2016

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“…In addition, other studies reported that mast cell-derived exosomes containing MHC class II molecules could also stimulate T-cells (Vincent-Schneider et al 2002). Interestingly, a recent study has reported that exosomes derived from microglia/macrophages resident in the CNS are involved in spreading pro-inflammatory signals, altering neuronal function and therefore contributing to pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) (Carandini et al 2015). Pathogen-infected cells can also secrete exosomes that carry antigens from pathogens and stimulate specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses (Bhatnagar & Schorey 2007, Walker et al 2009).…”

Section: Exosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes and nanotubes: Control of immune cell communication

McCoy-Simandle

Hanna

Cox

2016

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology

100

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Cell-cell communication is critical to coordinate the activity and behavior of a multicellular organism. The cells of the immune system not only must communicate with similar cells, but also with many other cell types in the body. Therefore, the cells of the immune system have evolved multiple ways to communicate. Exosomes and tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are two means of communication used by immune cells that contribute to immune functions. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by most cell types that can mediate intercellular communication and in the immune system they are proposed to play a role in antigen presentation and modulation of gene expression. TNTs are membranous structures that mediate direct cell-cell contact over several cell diameters in length (and possibly longer) and facilitate the interaction and/or the transfer of signals, material and other cellular organelles between connected cells. Recent studies have revealed additional, but sometimes conflicting, structural and functional features of both exosomes and TNTs. Despite the new and exciting information in exosome and TNT composition, origin and in vitro function, biologically significant functions are still being investigated and determined. In this review, we discuss the current field regarding exosomes and TNTs in immune cells providing evaluation and perspectives of the current literature.

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“…Several proteins, nucleic acids, and (glyco)‐lipids have been proposed as candidate biomarkers for MS, but none of them are routinely applied in clinical practice. These molecules could circulate freely in body fluids, associated with carrier proteins, lipoproteins, or EVs of different sizes and composition (Carandini et al, ). Relevant aspects of EVs have been described in MS and other neurological diseases, and although many features of their biological function need further investigation, these vesicles represent attractive targets to be used for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes (Candelario and Steindler, ; Harris and Sadiq, ; Westphal and Lamszus, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfatides in extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma of multiple sclerosis patients

Moyano

Boullerne

et al. 2016

J of Neuroscience Research

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane nanovesicles of diverse sizes secreted by different cell types and are involved in intercellular communication. EVs shuttle proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that reflect their cellular origin and could mediate their biological function in recipient cells. EVs circulate in biological fluids and are considered as potential biomarkers that could be used to analyze and characterize disease development, course and response to treatment. EVs exhibit specific distribution of glycolipids and membrane organization, but little is known about the biological significance of this distribution or how it could contribute to pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We provide the first description of sulfatide composition in plasma-derived EVs by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We found that EVs of different sizes showed C16:0 sulfatide but no detectable levels of C18:0, C24:0, or C24:1 sulfatide species. Small EVs isolated at 100,000 × g-enriched in exosomes-from plasma of patients with MS showed a significant increase of C16:0 sulfatide compared with healthy controls. Nanoparticle tracking analysis showed that the particle size distribution in MS plasma was significantly different compared with healthy controls. Characterization of small EVs isolated from MS plasma showed similar protein content and similar levels of exosomal markers (Alix, Rab-5B) and vesicular marker MHC class I (major histocompatibility complex class I) compared with healthy controls. Our findings indicate that C16:0 sulfatide associated with small EVs is a candidate biomarker for MS that could potentially reflect pathological changes associated with this disease and/or the effects of its treatment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Microvesicles: What is the Role in Multiple Sclerosis?

Cited by 42 publications

References 80 publications

Extracellular vesicles round off communication in the nervous system

Extracellular vesicles round off communication in the nervous system

Exosomes and nanotubes: Control of immune cell communication

Sulfatides in extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma of multiple sclerosis patients

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