Microwave-assisted calcination of spodumene for efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly extraction of lithium

Rezaee, Mohammad Ahangarzadeh; Han, Shihua; Sagzhanov, Daulet; Hassas, Behzad Vaziri; Slawecki, Tania; Agrawal, Dinesh Kumar; Akbari, Hamid; Mensah-Biney, R.

doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2021.11.036

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Conventional procedure was also carried out as a control. Following a previously reported procedure, [32] the mixture of UVM‐7, APTES and acetonitrile was stirred for 5.5 h at room temperature. The solid was isolated, washed and dried as described above.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis, Calcination and Functionalization of a Silica Mesoporous Nanomaterial: UVM‐7

Greñu

Pina

Reyes³

et al. 2023

ChemSusChem

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We report here, for the first time, the use of a solid state microwave source for the synthesis, calcination and functionalization of a UVM‐7 based hybrid mesoporous silica material. The synthesis of the UVM‐7 material is obtained in 2 min at low power (50 W) by the combination of a microwave irradiation and the atrane route. Moreover, it has been successfully calcined and functionalized in just 13 and 4 min respectively with microwave assisted procedures. A total synthesis comprising each individually optimized step, can be executed in only 4 h including work‐up, by contrast to a typical synthesis that comprises several days. Savings higher than one order or magnitude are obtained in time and energy. Our example is a proof of concept of the potential use of solid state microwave generators for the ultrafast on‐command preparation of hybrid nanomaterials due to their accurate control and accelerating properties.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis, Calcination and Functionalization of a Silica Mesoporous Nanomaterial: UVM‐7

Greñu

Pina

Reyes³

et al. 2023

ChemSusChem

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“…Therefore, microwave-assisted NaOH roasting will even further reduce the energy consumption of the process. Because of the advantages of microwave heating over conventional heating, the former will even enhance the efficiency of the conversion of Li in α-spodumene to water-soluble phases. Our patent-pending research showed that more than 90% Li recovery in water leaching could be achieved upon microwave-assisted NaOH roasting .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trace amounts of biotite, other silicates, calcite, pyrite, chlorite, and apatite were also present in the sample. The sample was upgraded through physical separation, encompassing size reduction, flotation, and magnetic separation, as described in detail in a previous publication by the authors on microwave-assisted calcination of spodumene . Quantitative mineralogical analysis, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), showed that the concentrate contains 92% α-spodumene and 8% quartz (Figure a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sample was upgraded through physical separation, encompassing size reduction, flotation, and magnetic separation, as described in detail in a previous publication by the authors on microwave-assisted calcination of spodumene. 17 Quantitative mineralogical analysis, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), showed that the concentrate contains 92% α-spodumene and 8% quartz (Figure 3a). The results were consistent with the elemental content of the concentrate (analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)).…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These methods can be classified as: (i) hydrofluoric acid (HF) leaching, (ii) mechanical activation, (iii) NaOH autoclaving, and (iv) salt roasting. In addition, hybrid microwave heating has been applied to the calcination of α-spodumene and has shown many advantages over the conventional heating. ,− The application of the HF method in the industry is still challenging due to its high corrosivity and toxicity, demanding special requirements for equipment, and large amounts of insoluble fluoride residue of which the disposal will be problematic. ,− The mechanical activation of α-spodumene is also energy-intensive, and handling the ultrafine amorphous particles generated in this process is challenging for the industrial practice . NaOH autoclaving is conducted at elevated temperature and pressure, with high NaOH concentration and amount.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Extraction of Lithium from α-Spodumene by Salt Roasting–Leaching Process

Han

Sagzhanov

Pan

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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In recent years, several methods have been reported to extract lithium (Li) from spodumene. However, the majority of them still require the transformation of the naturally occurring spodumene phase (α) to the more reactive crystalline phase (β) by calcination at 1100 °C. To address the economic drawbacks and high greenhouse gas emission of this phase transformation, this study aimed to directly extract Li from α-spodumene. Nine reagents of alkali metals (Group IA), alkaline earth metals (Group IIA), and ammonium (NH4 +) salts were examined for roasting and phase transformation of α-spodumene to water- or acid-soluble phases. For this purpose, sequential roasting, water leaching, and acid leaching were performed. The leaching recovery results showed that the order of roasting efficacy of the three reagent categories is Group IA > Group IIA > > NH4 +. 71 and 88% of water leaching and total leaching recovery values, correspondingly, were achieved by the NaOH roasting–water leaching–acid leaching process, under the nonoptimized conditions of a roasting temperature of 320 °C, an NaOH: spodumene ratio of 1.5:1, and a roasting time of 2 h. Thermodynamics analysis by FactSage demonstrated that α-spodumene was decomposed to Na2SiO3, Na4SiO4, NaAlO2, and Li3NaSiO4 by NaOH and to NaAlSiO4, Na2SiO3, and Li3NaSiO4 by Na2CO3. Eh-pH diagrams calculated by HSC Chemistry revealed that despite the low solubility of lithium silicates in water, they dissolve at high pH (>12.5), explaining the high water leaching recovery of Li. In future studies, the optimization of the process parameters will be conducted to maximize the Li recovery in water leaching, while recovering other valuable elements as byproducts.

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Mechanochemical Extraction of Lithium from α-Spodumene at Low Temperatures

Del Rose,

Li,

et al. 2024

The Minerals, Metals &Amp; Materials Series

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Microwave-assisted calcination of spodumene for efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly extraction of lithium

Cited by 21 publications

References 31 publications

Fast Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis, Calcination and Functionalization of a Silica Mesoporous Nanomaterial: UVM‐7

Fast Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis, Calcination and Functionalization of a Silica Mesoporous Nanomaterial: UVM‐7

Direct Extraction of Lithium from α-Spodumene by Salt Roasting–Leaching Process

Mechanochemical Extraction of Lithium from α-Spodumene at Low Temperatures

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