Microwave‐Assisted Electroanalysis: A Review

Abstract

Microwave-assisted electrochemistry is critically discussed with a focus on the fundamental aspects of the processes involved and its applications in electroanalysis. The concept of direct and nondirect heated electrodes is discussed, and simulation work is evaluated. Microwave-assisted electrochemistry predominantly results in higher current responses (up to 2 magnitudes higher) due to increased temperature and mass transport to the active electrodes. Temperature gradients at microwave-affected electrodes may exceed 10 5 K/cm, with temperature hotspots found in the thin diffusion layers set up at ultramicroelectrodes. Research into microwave-assisted electroanalysis can lead to enhanced capillary electrophoresis detection, improved stripping voltammetry and development of new high temperature methods.

Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes: Derivatization and Their Applications

“…The basic principle lying in this method is that when the molecules with permanent dipole moment are subjected into the electric field, the molecules get aligned with respect to the field. Molecular oscillations results as soon as the field oscillations begins and the molecules align and realign continuously giving rise to an intense internal heat energy which in turn agitates the molecules leading in the formation of product molecules [71,72]. Prato et.al.…”

Microwave-electrochemical formation of colloidal zinc oxide at fluorine doped tin oxide electrodes

“…Considerable superheating effects also can be achieved which is useful for high temperature non-isothermal electrochemical processes [6]. Therefore microwave radiation adds an interesting tool for the control of electrochemical processes [7][8][9]. Effects introduced by microwave radiation have been shown to be beneficial in electroanalysis [10] and more recently also for electrodeposition [11].…”

Microwaves in Photochemistry and Photocatalysis

“…Such a connection might have a synergic effect on reaction efficiencies or, at least, enhance them by summing up the individual effects. Applications of MW radiation to ultrasound-assisted chemical [13] and electrochemical [14] processes have recently been described. The first comprehensive review on MWs in photochemistry was presented by Klán and Církva in the previous edition [12], and it covered the literature up to 2006.…”