Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Anticancer Flavonoid, 2′,4′-Dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethyl Chalcone (DMC), Rich Extract from Syzygium nervosum Fruits

Abstract

2′,4′-Dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethyl chalcone (DMC) is a biological flavonoid that is present in the fruits of Syzygium nervosum (Ma-Kiang in Thai). Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), which utilizes microwave radiation to heat the extraction solvent quickly and effectively, was used to recover DMC-rich extract from Syzygium nervosum fruit. To determine the DMC content, a highly accurate and precise HPLC technique was developed. The influences of MAE conditions, including the solid–liquid ratio, microwave power, and microwave duration on the content of DMC, were sequentially employed by a single factor investigation and response surface methodology (RSM) exploratory design. The predicted quadratic models were fitted due to their highly significant (p < 0.0001) and excellent determination coefficient (R2 = 0.9944). The optimal conditions for producing DMC-rich extract were a ratio of sample to solvent of 1:35 g/mL, a microwave power of 350 W, and a microwave time of 38 min. Under the optimal MAE setting, the DMC content reached 1409 ± 24 µg/g dry sample, which was greater than that of the conventional heat reflux extraction (HRE) (1337 ± 37 µg/g dry sample) and maceration (1225 ± 81 µg/g dry sample). The DMC-rich extract obtained from MAE showed stronger anticancer activities against A549 (human lung cancer cells) and HepG2 (human liver cancer cells) than the individual DMC substance, which makes MAE an effective method for extracting essential phytochemicals from plants in the nature.

Advances in the Preparation, Stability, Metabolism, and Physiological Roles of Anthocyanins: A Review

“…green, rapid extraction time, higher extraction rate, with less organic solvent, wastewater removal, and energy use [20,21] Supercritical fluid extraction method fruit wastes green, reduced cost of operation; high cost, have limits to realize industrialization [22] Pressurized solvent extraction black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) pulp require less methanol consumption, higher extraction efficiency [23] Enzyme extraction grape skins enhance the yield, effective and environmentally friendly [24] Genetic engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum a sustainable method to produce anthocyanins, ease of cultivation and fast growth, availability of sophisticated genetic tools, and well-defined metabolic networks and models; the heterologous expression of plant-derived genes, optimal expression depends on the host strains [25]…”

“…Microwave extraction is a method that uses microwave radiation to heat a sample solvent mixture to extract anthocyanins. This method uses microwave energy to rapidly, efficiently, and uniformly heat plant cells containing water, consequently inducing cell division [21]. This cell division leads to cell rupture, which allows for a more complete interaction between the cell contents and the extractant, potentially reducing both the extraction time and the volume of solvent required.…”

Separation Methods of Phenolic Compounds from Plant Extract as Antioxidant Agents Candidate

“…The extraction of phenolic compounds from natural products has been conducted with several methods, such as maceration [68], percolation [69], Soxhlet extraction [68], reflux extraction [69], decoction [69], ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) [70], pulsed electric filed extraction (PEF) [71], enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) [72], microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [73], homogenate-assisted extraction (HAE) [74], and subcritical water extraction (SWE) [75]. An extract from plant material is a complex mixture containing different types of natural compounds with different polarities.…”

Flavonoids: Overview of Biosynthesis, Biological Activity, and Current Extraction Techniques

“…Choommongkol et al used microwave-assisted extraction to recover 2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethyl-chalcone, a flavonoid with anticancer activity, from Syzygium nervosum fruit. Compared to other solvents, ethanol produced the highest flavonoid yield at 1298 ± 5 μg/g dry weight [ 114 ].…”