Keywords
Walnut, Microwave Irradiation, Bioactive compounds, Soxhlet Extraction
IntroductionWalnut (Julgans regia L.) is a popular cash crop with great economic importance attached to its cultivation. They are nutrient-dense foods containing several bioactive compounds including; polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, plant proteins, dietary fibers, sterols, folates, tannins and polyphenols [1][2][3]. Earlier investigations through human supplementation have demonstrated the potential health benefits associated with the consumption of walnuts [4,5]. These benefits include reduced risk of coronary heart diseases, treatment of tuberculosis, cancer and diabetes [4,6,7] However, the target compounds found in walnut are usually a part of a vast complex and its direct study and approximation is highly improbable. The qualitative and quantitative studies on these bioactive compounds from plant materials mostly rely on the selection of proper extraction method [8]. Over the past decade, several novel analytical techniques, such as hydro-distillation, enfleurage, maceration and pressing have been used for the extraction of essential oils from herbs and medicinal plants. However, strict operating conditions, long extraction period and low extraction efficiency have made such methods unviable for practical applications [9]. Solvent extraction remains one of the most favored methods for isolating bioactive components from plant materials [10].Conventional Soxhlet extraction offers salient advantages such as repeated contact of the sample with fresh portions of the solvent and an improved penetration of solvent within the extraction cavity [11]. On the other hand, extraction processes consume large volume of solvent, time and cost in addition to their inherent heat and mass transfer limitations [12]. A recent modification to conventional extraction has focused on selectively increasing the accessibility of the pores that contain the targeted active compounds [13][14][15][16]. This can be achieved either by sample pretreatment before solvent extraction or by combining auxiliary energy to the existing extraction units [17][18][19][20]. Both processes reduce analysis time, energy consumption and solvent usage, while producing higher yields relative to conventional extraction [21]. Literature survey indicated that, very few studies have been performed on either pretreatment or process optimization on the extraction yield of bio-components from walnut shells.