Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization of Furfural Residue for Adsorption of Cr(VI): Adsorption and Kinetic Study

Abstract

The growing population and increasing demand for healthy water for drinking and agriculture use have brought many challenges today. Chromium (Cr) is considered as the primary metal pollutant because it is found in large amounts in such modern industries as textiles, leather tanning, metal alloys, plastics, cement, mining, and wood. Its existence in the water causes severe diseases like lung cancer and DNA strand breaks (U.S. National Toxicology Program) [1-3]. An acceptable concentration limit of chromium in the drinking water is 0.05 mg/L (WHO) [4]. Several conventional tactics have been applied for Cr(VI) removal of dissolved metals, for instance electrodialysis [4], membrane technology [5], reverse osmosis, chemical coagulation, ion exchange and others [6].

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatments for biomass valorisation: a critical review

“…For example, Nizamuddin et al 64 concluded that the hydrochar yield decreased continuously (from 58.6 to 49.5%) with rising temperature from 160 to 220 ºC during the MA-HTC of rice husk, which is in line with the trends reported in the literature. 56,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71] On the contrary, Gao et al 72,73 demonstrated that the hydrochar yield produced during the MA-HTC of fish waste firstly increased with increased the temperate. It then reached a point after which decreased with further temperature increments.…”

Application of Microwave Energy to Biomass: A Comprehensive Review of Microwave-Assisted Technologies, Optimization Parameters, and the Strengths and Weaknesses

“…Catalyst (type and amount): The use of catalysts in these processes can result in synergetic chemical activation to the hydrochar adsorbents, enhancing the overall efficiency of the process [101]. The type of catalyst used can greatly affect the adsorption properties of the hydrochar, as demonstrated in a study on the microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of furfural residue [102].…”