Microwave-assisted methyl esters synthesis of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil: parametric and optimization study

Abstract

Please cite this article as: Bokhari A., Chuah L.F., Yusup S., Ahmad J., Shamsuddin M.R., Teng M.K. Microwave-assisted methyl esters synthesis of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil: parametric and optimization study. The depleting fossil fuel reserves and increasing environmental concerns have continued to stimulate research into biodiesel as a green fuel alternative produced from renewable resources. In this study, Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) oil methyl ester was produced by using microwave-assisted technique. The optimum operating conditions for the microwave-assisted transesterification of Kapok seed oil including temperature, catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio, and irradiation time were investigated by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD). A maximum conversion of 98.9 % was obtained under optimum conditions of 57.09 °C reaction temperature, 2.15 wt% catalyst (KOH) loading, oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:9.85, and reaction time of 3.29 min. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy was performed to verify the conversion of the fatty acid into methyl esters. The properties of Kapok oil methyl ester produced under the optimum conditions were characterized and found in agreement with the international ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 standards.© 2015 BRTeam. All rights reserved. Bokhari et al. / Biofuel Research Journal 7 (2015) 281-287 Please cite this article as: Bokhari A., Chuah L.F., Yusup S., Ahmad J., Shamsuddin M.R., Teng M.K. Microwave-assisted methyl esters synthesis of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil: parametric and optimization study.

Oleofilik Buoyans Özellikli Kapok Lifleri ve Yenilikçi Yaklaşımlar

“…Yüksek glikoz içeriğine bağlı olarak, kapok liflerinin de ikinci kuşak biyo-etanol üretiminde potansiyel bir kaynak oluşturduğu kaydedilmiştir [17,[100][101][102][103][104].…”

Zn-Mo/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Gasoil Range Hydrocarbon Production by Catalytic Hydrocracking of Ceiba pentandra oil

“…The results are showed in Table 2. The acid value is an important parameter to indicate the quality, age and purity degree of an oil [11]. High acid numbers indicate that the free fatty acid content in the oil is high, causing the oil to easily undergo acidification and discoloration.…”

“…Inedible vegetable oil as biofeed can be best choice to solve the issue of competition between the use of vegetable oil as the source of food and that of the fuel. Therefore, some of inedible oil have been investigated and reported [6][7][8][9][10][11]. One type of vegetable oil that can be utilized to synthesize bio-hydrocarbons is Ceiba pentandra seed oil.…”

“…So far, kapok seeds has become untapped waste maximally. Ceiba pentandra seed oil is not used as food, because it has a chemical nature that is easy to change [11]. Ceiba pentandra oil is extracted from kapok seed, as shown in Figure 2(b) and (c).…”

Microwave‐Assisted Esterification of Oleic Acid Using an Ionic Liquid Catalyst

“…Biodiesel is typically synthesized by transesterification/esterification processes using conventional heating. However, conventional heating has a number of disadvantages, such as nonuniform heat distribution, large energy requirements, low energy efficiency, and long reaction time [8]. Therefore, researchers attempted to employ more green alternative methods for biodiesel production.…”