Microwave-Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Luteolin and Apigenin from Tree Peony Pod and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity

Abstract

An efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique was employed in simultaneous extraction of luteolin and apigenin from tree peony pod. The MAE procedure was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and compared with other conventional extraction techniques of macerate extraction (ME) and heat reflux extraction (HRE). The optimal conditions of MAE were as follows: employing 70% ethanol volume fraction as solvent, soaking time of 4 h, liquid-solid ratio of 10 (mL/g), microwave irradiation power of 265 W, microwave irradiation time of 9.6 min, and 3 extraction cycles. Under the optimal conditions, 151 μg/g luteolin and 104 μg/g apigenin were extracted from the tree peony pod. Compared with ME and HRE, MAE gave the highest extraction efficiency. The antioxidant activities of the extracts obtained by MAE, ME, and HRE were evaluated using a 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay, a ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and a reducing power assay. Meanwhile, the structural changes of the unprocessed and processed tree peony pod samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy.

Limitation of apoptotic changes and crystal deposition by Tutukon following hyperoxaluria-induced tubular cell injury in rat model

“…As mentioned above, ischemiainduced oxidative stress in renal tubules and the inflammatory changes are the major underlying causes for tubular cell apoptosis and subsequent crystal formation/deposition. Our results again demonstrated that Tutukon with its potent ingredients: alkaloids, rosmarinic acid, flavonoids [27] apigenin, luteolin [28], ekvizetonin, saponin [29], and essential oils [32], may be protective enough in the limitation of such alterations causing crystal formation at least in experimental animal models. Treatment of the animals with Tutukon provided a significant protection from calcium oxalate deposition and apoptosis in tubular cells.…”

“…Evaluation of the available data in the literature so far did show that majority of these phytotherapeutic agents have diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, vasodilating, and spasmolytic effects [25,26]. The active ingredients responsible for such specific effects have been found to be essential oils, flavonoids, saponins, xanthine derivatives and glycosides [25,[27][28][29]. Among the phytotherapeutic agents applied so far, Phyllanthus niruri has been found to be promising in the prevention of stone formation [25,30] due to its potentially active compounds of genus Phyllanthus, alkaloids, flavonoids, lactones, steroids, terpenoids, lignans, and tannins.…”

“…Among these effects, the antioxidant potential is one of the most important characteristics of this drug due to its active ingredients. Published data show that among the 8 different ingredients of this herbal agent, alkaloids, rosmarinic acid, flavonoids [27], apigenin, luteolin [28], ekvizetonin saponin [29], and essential oils [32] are well known for their potent antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory effects. Regarding the mechanism of action, studies have clearly shown that the above-mentioned active ingredients may reduce the permeability of kidney capillaries, dilate kidney blood vessels and ureters, restore the tubular epithelial function, induce an osmotic effect, inhibit synthesis and activation of inflammatory mediators, and thus prevent inflammatory alterations as well as crystal formation and growth [22,[24][25][26]33].…”

Novel extraction techniques and pharmaceutical activities of luteolin and its derivatives

“…MW irradiation power is a significant factor influencing the extraction yield, higher power irradiation enhanced the mixture temperature of the sample, and extraction solvent, increasing the mass transfer rates of substances from the sample (Yao et al, ). The extraction yields of luteolin significantly improved when the irradiation power increased to 230 W, but continuously reduced with the more increment of irradiation power, which is possibly due to oxidative or thermal degradation of luteolin by the excessive irradiation (Wang, Yang, Zu, & Zhao, ). The MW irradiation time also affects the extraction yields, as it was observed that the extraction yield was sharply increased by increasing the irradiation time but after a specific time, no significant variation was found.…”

Inclusion complex of peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) seed oil with β‐cyclodextrin: preparation, characterisation and bioavailability enhancement

“…Linolenic acid exhibits antioxidant function, reduces blood fat and cholesterol levels and prevents diseases of heart, head and blood vessels; however, linolenic acid cannot be synthesised by the body itself. (Wang et al ., ; Picklo & Murphy, ). Because of PSO has so many advantages, we had extracted it in our previous study (Sun et al ., ).…”