Microwave-assisted synthesis of ruthenium(<scp>ii</scp>) complexes containing levofloxacin-induced G2/M phase arrest by triggering DNA damage

Liu, Ruotong; Yuan, Chanling; Yin, Feng; Qian, Jiayi; Huang, Xiaoting; Chen, Qiutong; Zhou, Shuyuan; Ding, Ying; Zhai, Bingbing; Mei, Wenjie; Yao, Liangzhong

doi:10.1039/d0ra09418h

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…As stated, effects vary with the operational frequency, microwave intensity, and exposure time. For example, there are reports showing that microwave exposure causes DNA damage [ 99 , 100 , 101 ], which is directly associated with health hazards, as DNA damage inside neurons can lead to neurodegenerative diseases. With the increasing number of microwave-based applications across various operational frequencies and powers, biological studies are essential to determining the optimal parameters.…”

Section: Biological Effects Of Microwavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Radiation and the Brain: Mechanisms, Current Status, and Future Prospects

Mumtaz

Rana

Choi

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Modern humanity wades daily through various radiations, resulting in frequent exposure and causing potentially important biological effects. Among them, the brain is the organ most sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure. Despite numerous correlated studies, critical unknowns surround the different parameters used, including operational frequency, power density (i.e., energy dose), and irradiation time that could permit reproducibility and comparability between analyses. Furthermore, the interactions of EMR with biological systems and its precise mechanisms remain poorly characterized. In this review, recent approaches examining the effects of microwave radiations on the brain, specifically learning and memory capabilities, as well as the mechanisms of brain dysfunction with exposure as reported in the literature, are analyzed and interpreted to provide prospective views for future research directed at this important and novel medical technology for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies on brain degeneration caused by microwave radiation. Additionally, the interactions of microwaves with biological systems and possible mechanisms are presented in this review. Treatment with natural products and safe techniques to reduce harm to organs have become essential components of daily life, and some promising techniques to treat cancers and their radioprotective effects are summarized as well. This review can serve as a platform for researchers to understand the mechanism and interactions of microwave radiation with biological systems, the present scenario, and prospects for future studies on the effect of microwaves on the brain.

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Section: Biological Effects Of Microwavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Radiation and the Brain: Mechanisms, Current Status, and Future Prospects

Mumtaz

Rana

Choi

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…Ruthenium(II/III) complexes have raised considerable interest because of the shelf-stability of the complexes in two oxidation states, the variation of kinetic inertness based on the oxidation states and geometry, and the scope of the incorporation of targeting motifs in the ligand without sacrificing the activity. − Ruthenium(III) complexes act as prodrugs because of the inert nature of the ruthenium(III) oxidation state. In a lower oxygen environment (hypoxia) of tumor cells, ruthenium(III) complexes get reduced to the more reactive ruthenium(II) complexes, providing enhanced toxicity in tumors .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity of Morpholine-Containing Ruthenium(II) p-Cymene Complexes

et al. 2021

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Morpholine motif is an important pharmacophore and, depending on the molecular design, may localize in cellular acidic vesicles. To understand the importance of the presence of pendant morpholine in a metal complex, six bidentate N,O-donor ligands with or without a pendant morpholine unit and their corresponding ruthenium(II) p-cymene complexes (1–6) are synthesized, purified, and structurally characterized by various analytical methods including X-ray diffraction. Complexes 2–4 crystallized in the P21/c space group, whereas 5 and 6 crystallized in the P1̅ space group. The solution stability studies using 1H NMR support instantaneous hydrolysis of the native complexes to form monoaquated species in a solution of 3:7 (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide-d 6 and 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH* 7.4, containing 4 mM NaCl). The monoaquated complexes are stable for at least up to 24 h. The complexes display excellent in vitro antiproliferative activity (IC50 ca. 1–14 μM) in various cancer cell lines, viz., MDA-MB-231, MiaPaCa2, and Hep-G2. The presence of the pendant morpholine does not improve the dose efficacy, but rather, with 2-[[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)imino]methyl]phenol (HL1) and its pendant morpholine analogue (HL3) giving complexes 1 and 3, respectively, the antiproliferative activity was poorer with 3. MDA-MB-231 cells treated with the complexes show that the acidic vesicles remain acidic, but the population of acidic vesicles increases or decreases with time of exposure, as observed from the dispersed red puncta, depending on the complex used. The presence of the 2,6-disubstituted aniline and the naphthyl group seems to improve the antiproliferative dose. The complex treated MDA-MB-231 cells show that cathepsin D, which is otherwise present in the cytosolic lysosomes, translocates to the nucleus as a result of exposure to the complexes. Irrespective of the presence of a morpholine motif, the complexes do not activate caspase-3 to induce apoptosis and seem to favor the necrotic pathway of cell killing.

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Target based chemotherapeutic advancement of ruthenium complexes

Pragti

Kundu

Mukhopadhyay

2021

Coordination Chemistry Reviews

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Microwave-assisted synthesis of ruthenium(ii) complexes containing levofloxacin-induced G2/M phase arrest by triggering DNA damage

Abstract: This study showed that levofloxacin-based ruthenium(ii) complex 2 effectively inhibited the growth of A549 cells by inducing G2/M phase arrest through triggering DNA damage.

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Microwave Radiation and the Brain: Mechanisms, Current Status, and Future Prospects

Microwave Radiation and the Brain: Mechanisms, Current Status, and Future Prospects

Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity of Morpholine-Containing Ruthenium(II) p-Cymene Complexes

Target based chemotherapeutic advancement of ruthenium complexes

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