Microwave Catalytic Degradation of Antibiotic Molecules by 2D Sheets of Spinel Nickel Ferrite

Abstract

Pharmaceutical wastes such as antibiotics in the industrially polluted water are hazardous for the aquatic ecosystem and the environment and, hence, need to be adequately treated. Prompt and efficient degradation makes the microwave (MW) technique a cutting edge technology. Apart from promptness and efficiency, the ideal MW catalysts need to be thermally robust, recyclable, and economic. The coprecipitation synthesized highly crystalline spinel nickel ferrite (SNFO, E g ∼1.76 eV, M s ∼20 emu/g) and zinc ferrite (SZFO, E g ∼2.47 eV, M s ∼4 emu/g) atomic sheets are good MW absorbers and result in ∼90% and ∼86% MW degradation efficiency, respectively, for the tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) antibiotic. The whole reaction is completed within 15 min, and it demonstrates the recyclability with the catalyst being unaltered. The ferrites are not only of low cost but also thermally robust and magnetically retrievable. The microwave degradation exhibits the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The quality of water after the degradation, especially the carbon content, has been quantified, and the degradation pathways have also been determined.

Research Progress and Prospects of Spinel Ferrite Nanostructures for the Removal of Nitroaromatics from Wastewater

“…CoFe 2 O 4 NS of 20 nm exhibit the properties of a permanent magnet at room temperature . Highly crystalline spinel NiFe 2 O 4 and ZnFe 2 O 4 are reported as highly active catalysts under microwave irradiation for water remediation . The use of different capping agents such as oleylamine and triethanolamine during the solvothermal synthesis of Co x Mn 3– x O 4 led to changes in the morphology and composition from cubic Co 2 MnO 4 nanorods to tetragonal CoMn 2 O 4 microspheres, while the absence of a capping agent resulted in tetragonal CoMn 2 O 4 cubes .…”

“…29 Highly crystalline spinel NiFe 2 O 4 and ZnFe 2 O 4 are reported as highly active catalysts under microwave irradiation for water remediation. 31 The use of different capping agents such as oleylamine and triethanolamine during the solvothermal synthesis of Co x Mn 3−x O 4 led to changes in the morphology and composition from cubic Co 2 MnO 4 nanorods to tetragonal CoMn 2 O 4 microspheres, while the absence of a capping agent resulted in tetragonal CoMn 2 O 4 cubes. 32 A recent study by McDonald showed the MgFe 2 O 4 NS of 10 nm size can be synthesized using the rapid microwave and used for photocatalytic application.…”

Detection and Treatment of Persistent Pollutants in Water: General Review of Pharmaceutical Products

“…Mishra et al [125] found that nickel ferrite (SNFO) and zinc ferrite (SZFO) were good microwave absorbers. They degraded 90 % and 86 % of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) in 15 minutes, respectively.…”

“…Mishra et al [125] . found that nickel ferrite (SNFO) and zinc ferrite (SZFO) were good microwave absorbers.…”

Zinc ferrite-graphitic carbon nitride nanohybrid for photo-catalysis of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin

“…4). [48][49][50][51][52] It should be noted that the interaction of the catalyst with CIP is necessary and for this adequate adsorption (chemisorption is better) is needed. The surface area will determine the accessibility of the catalyst surface and therefore is one of the most important factors determining the overall efficiency.…”