Microwave radiation-induced grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride onto lentil extract (LE-g-DMC) as an emerging high-performance plant-based grafted coagulant

Abstract

The importance of graft copolymerization in the field of polymer science is analogous to the importance of alloying in the field of metals. This is attribute to the ability of the grafting method to regulate the properties of polymer 'tailor-made' according to specific needs. This paper described a novel plantbased coagulant, LE-g-DMC that synthesized through grafting of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) onto the backbone of the lentil extract. The grafting process was optimized through the response surface methodology (RSM) using three-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Under optimum conditions, a promising grafting percentage of 120% was achieved. Besides, characterization study including SEM, zeta potential, TGA, FTIR and EDX were used to confirm the grafting of the DMC monomer chain onto the backbone of lentil extract. The grafted coagulant, LE-g-DMC outperformed lentil extract and alum in turbidity reduction and effective across a wide range of pH from pH 4 to pH 10. Besides, the use of LE-g-DMC as coagulant produced flocs with excellent settling ability (5.09 mL/g) and produced the least amount of sludge. Therefore, from an application and economic point of views, LE-g-DMC was superior to native lentil extract coagulant and commercial chemical coagulant, alum.Coagulation-flocculation is one of the most widely used treatment processes for the removal of turbidity, colloid, dissolved solid, organic matter and suspended solid in surface water and industrial wastewater 1 . Due to its simplicity, cost-effective and efficient properties, this process has been extensively used for various wastewater treatments such as textile wastewater 2 , agro-wastewater 3 , landfill leachates 4 , pulp and paper mill wastewater 5 and others. Some of the chemical coagulants that commonly used for the wastewater treatment are aluminium sulphate, ferric sulphate, ferric chloride and polyaluminium chloride. However, the usage of these chemicals poses several drawbacks, such as adverse effects on human health, relatively high cost, production of large sludge volumes and others 6 . It is, therefore, desirable to have an alternative material that is effective, environmentally friendly and economically viable to replace the current synthetic coagulants.

Influence of ethylene sulfite in lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide-based electrolyte of dual carbon battery

“…In the FTIR analysis, observed peaks encompassed various functional groups, including, but not restricted to, C-O-C (1098 cm -1 , 1196 cm -1 , 1262 cm -1 , 1284 cm -1 ), C=O (1720 cm -1 , 1756 cm -1 ), S=O (1357 cm -1 ), C-H (3010 cm -1 ), C-SO2-N (1147 cm -1 , 1329 cm -1 ), and C-F (748 cm -1 ) in the LiTFSI and LiTFSI-ES system. These spectral features aligned closely with the wavenumber data reported in prior investigations [43][44][45][46][47][48][49], reinforcing the consistency and reliability of the spectral assignments made in this study.…”

Fabrication of Cationic Poly(vinyl alcohol) Films Cross-Linked Using Copolymers Containing Quaternary Ammonium Cations, Benzoxaborole, and Carboxy Groups

“…Klimkevicius et al reported that the ζ-potential of titania nanoparticles changed from −60 to 60 mV after poly­(METAC) coating . Poly­(METAC) was modified to lentil extracts as plant-based conjugated materials . The original negative charges of the lentil extracts (−5.91 mV) changed to 15.08 mV after modification with cationic poly­(METAC).…”

“…54 Poly(METAC) was modified to lentil extracts as plant-based conjugated materials. 55 The original negative charges of the lentil extracts (−5.91 mV) changed to 15.08 mV after modification with cationic poly(METAC). The ζ-potentials of the PVA/3D_25 wt % and PVA/3D_50 wt % films were 1.4 ± 1.5 and 9.4 ± 0.8 mV, respectively.…”

Theoretical and Experimental Optimization of the Graft Density of Functionalized Anti-Biofouling Surfaces by Cationic Brushes

“…WCA tests showed that PU was hydrophobic, judging by its WCA of 93° (see Figure 5 ) [ 46 , 47 ]. After the immobilization, WCA increased to 102° because of the presence of a more hydrophobic Br– containing initiator [ 43 ].…”