Copper oxide nanoparticles
(CuONPs) are used in many fields from
electronics to medicine due to their multifunctionality, and therefore,
their production with environmentally friendly methods is a current
issue. In this study, biofabricated CuONPs were obtained by using
the leaf extract of Acer palmatum plant
originating from the Far East to enlighten the characteristics of
the novel nanoparticles differentiating from those existing in the
literature. Multifunctional nature of the CuONPs was evaluated by
the antibacterial, antifungal, and decolorative applications and also
by performing molecular docking analysis. The fabricated CuONPs were
characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis),
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The absorbance
seen at 270 nm in the SPR band obtained by UV–vis spectroscopy
proved the presence of CuONPs, while the 602, 560, and 540 cm–1 vibrations obtained in the FT-IR spectroscopy indicated
the same result. SEM images proved that the nanoparticles were in
spherical form with sizes ranging from 140 to 225 nm. The result of
DLS analysis showed that the average particle size was 229 nm in diameter,
and CuONPs had monodisperse systems (polydispersity index, 0.184).
The dye removal potency of CuONPs was also investigated by using remazol
brilliant blue R (RBBR) and napthol blue black (NBB). Decolorizations
(74 and 86%) of RBBR and NBB were obtained in 90 min at 50 °C,
respectively. The strong antibacterial properties of the synthesized
CuONPs were observed on both Gram (−) and Gram (+) bacterial
strains by disk diffusion and optical analyses, and their antifungal
activity was close to that of Amphotericin B, which was applied as
a positive control. Molecular docking analysis was performed with Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase and Staphylococcus aureus DNA Gyrase B to analyze the
antibacterial mechanisms of CuONP and observed that they exhibit good
interactions with their targets with binding energies of −12.562
and −8.797 kcal/mol, respectively. Our findings suggested that
CuONPs are crucial in the mechanisms of folate metabolism and DNA
replication associated with bacterial proliferation. This work will
provide significant guidance for the biofabrication of CuONPs and
their medical and industrial applications.