Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor

Spagnolo, Vincenzo; Patimisco, Pietro; Borri, Simone; Scamarcio, Gaetano; Bernacki, Bruce E.; Kriesel, Jason M.

doi:10.1007/s00340-013-5388-3

Cited by 66 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Usually, readily commercially available QTFs with a resonance frequency at 32.78 kHz and a related quality factor of ~10000 in air are employed. QEPAS combined with a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser (QCL) source has demonstrated record sensitivities of < 50 part-per-trillion (ppt) concentration levels [8,9]. A combination of QEPAS and CEAS (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of overtone flexural modes operation in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

Tittel¹,

Sampaolo²,

Patimisco³

et al. 2016

Opt. Express

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Abstract:A detailed investigation of a set of custom quartz tuning forks (QTFs), operating in the fundamental and first overtone flexural modes is reported. Support losses are the dominant energy dissipation processes when the QTFs vibrate at the first overtone mode. These losses can be decreased by increasing the ratio between the prong length and its thickness. The QTFs were implemented in a quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) based sensor operating in the near-IR spectral range and water vapor was selected as the gas target. QTF flexural modes having the highest quality factor exhibit the largest QEPAS signal, demonstrating that, by optimizing the QTF prongs sizes, overtone modes can provide a higher QEPAS sensor performance with respect to using the fundamental mode.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of overtone flexural modes operation in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

Tittel¹,

Sampaolo²,

Patimisco³

et al. 2016

Opt. Express

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“…The single mode propagation and mode filtering capabilities have been found to depend strongly on the fiber diameter and the laser wavelength. Low-loss single mode propagation and effective mode filtering have been successfully demonstrated for HCWs with bore diameters of 300 µm with λ > 8 µm [3,4,10]. Note also that, single mode operation has been achieved with solid core fibers for λ ≤ 5.5 µm (although the optical losses becomes very high for λ ˃ 4,6 μm) [11] and with photonic band-gap fibers made by chalcogenide glasses at 3.39 µm, 9.3 µm, and 10.6 µm [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Potential uses include not only laser surgery, but also numerous applications in infrared spectroscopy, thermal imaging, sensing and infrared countermeasures [1][2][3][4]. The HCWs structure is composed of a hollow glass capillary tube with a metallic/dielectric structure deposited inside the bore [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single mode operation with mid-IR hollow fibers in the range 51-105 µm

Sampaolo¹,

Patimisco²,

Kriesel³

et al. 2015

Opt. Express

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Single mode beam delivery in the mid-infrared spectral range 5.1-10.5 μm employing flexible hollow glass waveguides of 15 cm and 50 cm lengths, with metallic/dielectric internal layers and a bore diameter of 200 μm were demonstrated. Three quantum cascade lasers were coupled with the hollow core fibers. For a fiber length of 15 cm, we measured losses down to 1.55 dB at 5.4 μm and 0.9 dB at 10.5 μm. The influence of the launch conditions in the fiber on the propagation losses and on the beam profile at the waveguide exit was analyzed. At 10.5 µm laser wavelength we found near perfect agreement between measured and theoretical losses, while at ~5 µm and ~6 µm wavelengths the losses were higher than expected. This discrepancy can be explained considering an additional scattering loss effect, which scales as 1/λ 2 and is due to surface roughness of the metallic layer used to form the high-reflective internal layer structure of the hollow core waveguide. 37(9), 2454-2458 (1998). 10. J. Kriesel, G. M. Hagglund, N. Gat, V. Spagnolo, and P. Patimisco, "Spatial mode filtering of mid-infrared (mid-IR) laser beams with hollow core fiber optics," Proc. SPIE 8993, 89930V (2014). 11. https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=7062#SingleMode.

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“…The record QEPAS sensitivity was obtained in the mid-IR (@ 10.54 μm) for SF 6 detection and corresponds to a minimum concentration level of 50 ppt in volume with a 1-s integration time [13,22]. This minimum concentration level can be attributed to two critical features.…”

Section: Custom-made Tuning Forksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The laser beam must not hit the prongs since otherwise a large undesirable non-zero background arises due to the photo-thermal contribution, which limits the sensor detection sensitivity [12,13]. In 2013, a custom-made tuning fork was installed for the first time in a QEPAS sensor operated in the THz range employing a quantum cascade laser (QCL) [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quartz–enhanced photoacoustic spectrophones exploiting custom tuning forks: a review

Patimisco

Sampaolo

Zheng

et al. 2016

Advances in Physics: X

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A detailed review on the design and realization of spectrophones exploiting custom quartz tuning forks (QTFs) aimed to applications of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic (QEPAS) trace-gas sensors is reported. A spectrophone consists of a custom QTF and a micro-resonator system based on a pair of tubes (dual-tube configuration) or a single-tube. The influence of the QTF and resonator tube geometry and sizes on the main spectrophone parameters determining the QEPAS performance, specifically the quality factor Q and the resonance frequency has been investigated. Results obtained previously are reviewed both when the QTF vibrates on the fundamental and the first overtone flexural modes. We also report new results obtained with a novel QTF design. Finally, we compare the QEPAS performance of all the different spectrophone configurations reported in terms of signal-tonoise ratio and provide relevant and useful conclusions from this analysis.

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Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor

Cited by 66 publications

References 23 publications

Analysis of overtone flexural modes operation in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

Analysis of overtone flexural modes operation in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

Single mode operation with mid-IR hollow fibers in the range 51-105 µm

Quartz–enhanced photoacoustic spectrophones exploiting custom tuning forks: a review

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