Mid-infrared lightly Er<sup>3+</sup>-doped CaF<sub>2</sub> laser under acousto–optical modulation

Zhao, Yan; Zong, Mengyu; Jian, Dong; Zhang, Zhen; Liu, Jingjing; Liu, Jie; Su, Liangbi

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/aca4c0

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Er:YLF crystals commonly have an Er 3+ doping concentration of 15 at.% [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103]. Compared with garnet crystals, fluoride crystals have lower phonon energies [2,7,51,82,83,86] (447 cm −1 ; 280 cm −1 ; 322 cm −1 ) that help to reduce the non-radiative transition and multi-phonon relaxation probability between energy levels. This results in a reduction in the laser threshold and an increase in efficiency.…”

Section: Development Status Of Er-doped Fluoride Crystals and Their L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Er 3+ doping concentration required for Er:SrF 2 and Er:CaF 2 crystals is relatively low. Their concentrations range from 1.7 at.% to 5 at.% [78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90]. Er:YLF crystals commonly have an Er 3+ doping concentration of 15 at.% [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103].…”

Section: Development Status Of Er-doped Fluoride Crystals and Their L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Er:YLF crystals have birefringence and a negative refractive index thermo-optic coefficient, meaning that the thermal lens effect is small and that the thermal stability is high [2]. Er:SrF 2 and Er:CaF 2 crystals have unique crystal structures that result in wide emission spectra [7,51,82,83,86]. However, fluoride crystals are fragile and difficult to process.…”

Section: Development Status Of Er-doped Fluoride Crystals and Their L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the same year, Fan obtained a continuouswave laser output of 1.06 W with a slope efficiency of 41%, a pulsed laser output of 12.1 µJ, along with a passive Q-swiching of ReS 2 of 508 ns by using an Er:SrF 2 crystal [82]. In 2022, Zhao et al successively realized a continuous-wave laser output of 2.32 W and a pulsed laser output of 0.49 mJ, with a pulse width of 555 ns, by using Er:CaF 2 [83]. The matrix thermal expansion coefficients and electrical conductivity coefficients of Er:SrF 2 and Er:CaF 2 crystals indicate that they are not suitable for use as an active medium for high-power or high-energy laser [87].…”

Section: Development Status Of Er-doped Fluoride Crystals and Their L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of the 2.7 μm to 3 μm Erbium-Doped Laser

Liu,

Gu,

Liu

et al. 2023

Crystals

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The 3 μm wavelength band laser is located on the strong absorption peak of water and the atmospheric transmission window. The 3 μm laser with high single pulse energy is used in medical treatment for cutting soft tissues and bones during surgery. It is used as a pump source for optical parametric oscillators, and Fe lasers can realize 3~5 μm or 8~14 μm laser output, which has an irreplaceable role in certain areas (e.g., optoelectronic countermeasures, LIDAR, atmospheric monitoring, etc.). Commercial semiconductor-pumped Er lasers are capable of achieving 3 μm laser output of 600 mJ with the maturation of a 970 nm semiconductor laser. The conversion efficiency is significantly improved. However, the energy is lower than a flash-lamp-pumped Er laser. There are still serious crystal thermal effects and an inefficient conversion process. In this paper, the energy-level systems of 3 μm Er-doped lasers are discussed. A summary of the current state of research on Er lasers using different matrices and the commercialization of Er-doped lasers with wavelengths ranging from 2.7 μm to 3 μm is also provided. Several technical means are given to enhance laser performance. Furthermore, the development of Er-doped solid-state lasers with wavelengths between 2.7 and 3 μm is envisaged in the near future.

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Section: Development Status Of Er-doped Fluoride Crystals and Their L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Status Of Er-doped Fluoride Crystals and Their L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Status Of Er-doped Fluoride Crystals and Their L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Status Of Er-doped Fluoride Crystals and Their L...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Development of the 2.7 μm to 3 μm Erbium-Doped Laser

Liu,

Gu,

Liu

et al. 2023

Crystals

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“…In the recent years, the AO modulator materials used around the 3 µm waveband mainly include germanium (Ge) and paratellurite (TeO 2 ) crystals. [16,17] The TeO 2 crystal possesses a higher damage threshold than Ge crystal, [18] which makes the TeO 2 crystal expectedly an ideal material for high peak power AO Q-switched pulse laser at 3 µm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-power xenon lamp-pumped Er:YAP pulse laser operated in free-running and acousto-optical Q-switching modes

et al. 2023

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We demonstrate a high-energy and high-power pulse laser on a xenon lamp-pumped Er:YAP crystal. The laser performance and thermal focal lengths under different working frequencies are discussed, the results show that the thermal lens effect is gradually aggravated with the increase of working frequencies, and even working at 100 Hz, a single pulse energy of 234 mJ can be achieved. A maximum average power of 41.5 W is achieved with a working frequency of 20 Hz and slope efficiency of 2.82%. This output power is much higher than other xenon lamp-pumped Erbium laser devices. A Q-switched laser is demonstrated by using the TeO2 crystal, the maximum output energies of 11.5 and 3.5 mJ are obtained at 50 and 100 Hz, the corresponding peak powers are 93.4 and 17.2 kW. The laser wavelengths and beam quality factors are also characterized in the free running and Q-switched modes, respectively. A higher pulse energy and peak power laser could be achieved further by improving the damage threshold of TeO2 A-O Q-switching. All the experimental results illustrate that the xenon lamp-pumped Er:YAP laser is a promising candidate for the high-power and high-frequency mid-infrared laser device.

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28.02 W LD side-pumped CW laser operated at 2.8 µm in YSGG/Er:YSGG/YSGG crystal

Zhang,

Sun,

Luo

et al. 2024

Opt. Express

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We demonstrated a 978 nm laser diode (LD) side-pumped YSGG/Er:YSGG/YSGG composite crystal with a size of Ф 3 mm × 65 mm and continuous-wave (CW) mode. By optimizing resonator length and output mirror transmittance, a maximum output power of 28.02 W is generated, corresponding to slope efficiency of 17.55% and optical-optical efficiency of 12.29%, respectively. The thermal focal lengths are obtained by resonator stability condition. The laser wavelength is centered near 2.8 µm. Moreover, the beam quality factors M x 2/M y 2 are fitted to be 8.14 and 7.35, respectively. The above results indicate that a high-performance 2.8 µm CW laser can be achieved by LD side-pumped YSGG/Er:YSGG/YSGG composite crystal with excellent heat dissipation ability, which promotes effectively the development and applications of the mid-infrared solid-state lasers.

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Mid-infrared lightly Er³⁺-doped CaF₂ laser under acousto–optical modulation

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Development of the 2.7 μm to 3 μm Erbium-Doped Laser

Development of the 2.7 μm to 3 μm Erbium-Doped Laser

High-power xenon lamp-pumped Er:YAP pulse laser operated in free-running and acousto-optical Q-switching modes

28.02 W LD side-pumped CW laser operated at 2.8 µm in YSGG/Er:YSGG/YSGG crystal

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Mid-infrared lightly Er3+-doped CaF2 laser under acousto–optical modulation

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Development of the 2.7 μm to 3 μm Erbium-Doped Laser

Development of the 2.7 μm to 3 μm Erbium-Doped Laser

High-power xenon lamp-pumped Er:YAP pulse laser operated in free-running and acousto-optical Q-switching modes

28.02 W LD side-pumped CW laser operated at 2.8 µm in YSGG/Er:YSGG/YSGG crystal

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Mid-infrared lightly Er³⁺-doped CaF₂ laser under acousto–optical modulation