Mid infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) as a viable alternative to tissue ablation with the free electron laser (FEL)

Mackanos, Mark A.; Simanovskii, D.; Joos, Karen M.; Schwettman, H. A.; Jansen, E.

doi:10.1002/lsm.20461

Cited by 37 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Some used nonlinear frequency conversion in solid-state crystalline materials, 8,9 but the necessarily high pulse energies also led to rapid and permanent damage of the converting crystals. More recent alternatives have used stimulated Raman conversion in pure gases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and predictability of soft tissue ablation using a prototype Raman-shifted alexandrite laser

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Previous research showed that mid-infrared free-electron lasers could reproducibly ablate soft tissue with little collateral damage. The potential for surgical applications motivated searches for alternative tabletop lasers providing thermally confined pulses in the 6-to-7-μm wavelength range with sufficient pulse energy, stability, and reliability. Here, we evaluate a prototype Raman-shifted alexandrite laser. We measure ablation thresholds, etch rates, and collateral damage in gelatin and cornea as a function of laser wavelength (6.09, 6.27, or 6.43 μm), pulse energy (up to 3 mJ∕pulse), and spot diameter (100 to 600 μm). We find modest wavelength dependence for ablation thresholds and collateral damage, with the lowest thresholds and least damage for 6.09 μm. We find a strong spot-size dependence for all metrics. When the beam is tightly focused (∼100-μm diameter), ablation requires more energy, is highly variable and less efficient, and can yield large zones of mechanical damage (for pulse energies >1 mJ). When the beam is softly focused (∼300-μm diameter), ablation proceeded at surgically relevant etch rates, with reasonable reproducibility (5% to 12% within a single sample), and little collateral damage. With improvements in pulse-energy stability, this prototype laser may have significant potential for soft-tissue surgical applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and predictability of soft tissue ablation using a prototype Raman-shifted alexandrite laser

et al. 2015

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“…For IR nanosecond pulses, the ablation threshold of soft tissue has been estimated at ca. 20 nJ.μm −2 [66] and ablation experiment supports the negligible heating of tissue at low repetition rates [67], with complete cooling between pulses.…”

Section: Damage Thresholdmentioning

confidence: 55%

A framework for far-field infrared absorption microscopy beyond the diffraction limit

Silien¹,

Liu²,

Hendaoui³

et al. 2012

Opt. Express

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A framework is proposed for infrared (IR) absorption microscopy in the far-field with a spatial resolution below the diffraction limit. The sub-diffraction resolution is achieved by pumping a transient contrast in the population of a selected vibrational mode with IR pulses that exhibit alternating central minima and maxima, and by probing the corresponding absorbance at the same wavelength with adequately delayed Gaussian pulses. Simulations have been carried out on the basis of empirical parameters emulating patterned thin films of octadecyltrichlorosilane and a resolution of 250 nm was found when probing the CH 2 stretches at 3.5 μm with pump energies less than ten times the vibrational saturation threshold. with video-rate coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(46), 16807-16812 (2005). 5. M. Balu, G. Liu, Z. Chen, B. J. Tromberg, and E. O. Potma, "Fiber delivered probe for efficient CARS imaging of tissues," Opt. Express 18(3), 2380-2388 (2010). 6. I. Toytman, K. Cohn, T. Smith, D. Simanovskii, and D. Palanker, "Non-scanning CARS microscopy using widefield geometry," Proc. SPIE 6442, 64420D, 64420D-7 (2007). 7. C. W. Freudiger, W. Min, B. G. Saar, S. Lu, G. R. Holtom, C. He, J. C. Tsai, J. X. Kang, and X. S. Xie, "Labelfree biomedical imaging with high sensitivity by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy," Science 322(5909), 1857-1861 (2008 ©2012 Optical Society of America

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“…3 of [40]), which leads to a non-linear dependence that would be particularly sensitive to peak powers and thus peak temperatures due to FEL irradiation. Given this theoretical prediction that the constraint of the superpulse structure could be relaxed without compromising the preferential ablative properties of Mark-III FEL, efforts to test [45][46][47] and develop alternative laser technologies (described below) commenced. Given the comparative advantages in the extent of collateral damage and healing for wavelengths near 6.45 microns relative to 3.0 microns, attention focused on developing medical laser technology in the 5.9-6.6 micron range as opposed to modifying the pulse/power properties for lasers operating near 3.0 microns.…”

Section: Mechanisms: Fel Superpulse Structure and The Onset Of Ablationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms for soft‐tissue ablation and the development of alternative medical lasers based on investigations with mid‐infrared free‐electron lasers

Edwards

2009

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Experimental evidence indicating the potential biomedical advantages of using a Mark-III Free-Electron Laser (FEL) for the ablation of soft tissue were first reported in 1994. Research progress since that time is reviewed, including: 1) successful human surgery using the Mark-III FEL; 2) advances in understanding the physical mechanism for infrared tissue ablation and how these mechanistic features correlate with the preferential ablative properties; 3) the pursuit of table-top, nanosecondpulsed laser technology that mimics the preferential ablation properties of the Mark-III FEL with the aim of improving clinical acceptance of mid-infrared laser ablation of soft tissue; and 4) current research challenges.Ablation cavity in rat brain cortex due to irradiation with a Mark-III FEL tuned to a wavelength of 6.45 microns. One hundred macropulses (20 mJ each) at a macropulse repetition rate of 4 Hz were focused to a spot with a diameter of ∼ 100 microns on the tissue surface. The section was stained with H&E. A) Full view of ablation cavity, where the original magnification was x100. Total incision depth was 3.060 mm. B) Ablation cavity with an additional magnification of x17. Coagulation heat necrosis was not measurable (<∼ 1 μm) on the sides throughout the ablation cavity and limited to ∼ 4 μm at the deep (bottom most) aspect. Fold is a mounting artifact. Adapted by permission from MacMillan Publishers Ltd [1].

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Mid infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) as a viable alternative to tissue ablation with the free electron laser (FEL)

Abstract: The OPO caused similar or significantly less thermal damage in porcine cornea when compared with the FEL while generating significantly deeper craters. We determined that the ZGP-OPO has much promise as a bench-top replacement for the FEL for soft tissue ablation.

Cited by 37 publications

References 55 publications

Efficacy and predictability of soft tissue ablation using a prototype Raman-shifted alexandrite laser

Efficacy and predictability of soft tissue ablation using a prototype Raman-shifted alexandrite laser

A framework for far-field infrared absorption microscopy beyond the diffraction limit

Mechanisms for soft‐tissue ablation and the development of alternative medical lasers based on investigations with mid‐infrared free‐electron lasers

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