Middle distillates from hydrocracking of FT waxes: Composition, characteristics and emission properties

Calemma, Vincenzo; Gambaro, Chiara; Parker, Wallace O.; Carbone, Rosa; Giardino, Roberto; Scorletti, Pietro

doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2009.03.018

Cited by 87 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The latter typically consist of long normal alkanes which is limiting their use as fuel or lubricant. The resulting hydrocracking products are characterized by high cetane numbers, attractive emission properties and improved cold-flow properties [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-Hexadecane hydrocracking Single-Event MicroKinetics on Pt/H-beta

Vandegehuchte

Thybaut

Martı́nez

et al. 2012

Applied Catalysis A: General

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The Single-Event MicroKinetic (SEMK) model constructed for gas-phase hydroconversion of light n-alkanes on large-pore USY zeolites was applied, for the first time, to the hydrocracking of n-hexadecane on a Pt/H-Beta catalyst. Despite the 12-ringed pore channels, shape selectivity was observed in the formation of ethyl side chains.Additionally, heavy feed molecules such as n-hexadecane lead to physisorption saturation of the catalyst pores by strong Van der Waals interactions of the long alkyl chains with the zeolite framework. Intermolecular interactions and packing efficiencies in the pores induce deviations from typical Henry-regime physisorption characteristics as the physisorption selectivity, which is expected to increase with increasing carbon number, appeared to be independent of the latter. Micropore saturation effects were described by the 'size entropy' which quantifies the difference in standard entropy loss between physisorption in the Henry regime and hindered physisorption on a saturated surface. The size entropy is proportional to the catalyst loading with physisorbed species and the adsorbate carbon number. The addition of a size entropy term in the SEMK model, amounting to 102 J mol -1 K -1 for a hexadecane molecule at full saturation, allowed accurately reproducing the contribution of secondary isomerization and cracking reactions, as quantified by means of a contribution analysis.2

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-Hexadecane hydrocracking Single-Event MicroKinetics on Pt/H-beta

Vandegehuchte

Thybaut

Martı́nez

et al. 2012

Applied Catalysis A: General

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“…Calemma et al [2,3,5] investigated the hydrocracking behavior of a platinum on amorphous silica-alumina catalyst and confirmed the high potential of wax hydroprocessing to highquality biofuels in the diesel boiling range. The present study describes the application of FT biowaxes as feedstock in a pilot-scale hydroprocessing unit at operating conditions very similar to an industrial-size hydrotreating plant for fossil gasoil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Hydroprocessing of Fischer–Tropsch biowaxes to second-generation biofuels

Schablitzky¹,

Lichtscheidl²,

Hutter³

et al. 2011

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) biowaxes to second-generation biofuels via hydroprocessing is the final step for increasing the fuel amount of the overall biomass conversion route: gasification of lignocellulosic biomass, FT synthesis, and hydroprocessing. The typical FT product portfolio consists of high molecular weight paraffinic waxes as the main product and FT fuels in the diesel and naphtha boiling range. OMV's objective and contribution to the project focus on achieving coprocessing of FT biowaxes with fossil feedstock using existing hydrotreating plants of crude oil refineries. Various test runs have been examined with a conventional refining catalyst under mild conditions (380-390°C, 5.8 MPa; WHSV, 0.7-1.3 h −1 ) in a pilot plant.Pure FT biowax is converted to gases, fuels, and an oil/ waxy residue in a fixed-bed reactor with a porous catalyst layer technology. The presence of hydrogen in the reaction chamber reduces the fast deactivation of the catalyst caused by the formation of a coke layer around the catalyst particle surface and saturates cracked hydrocarbon fragments.Another approach is the creation of synthetic biodiesel components with excellent fuel properties for premium fuel application. Basically, premium diesel fuel differs from standard diesel quality by cetane number and cold flow properties. Hydroprocessed synthetic biodiesel (HPFT diesel) has compared to conventional diesel advantages in many aspects. Depending on the catalyst selected, premium diesel quality can be obtained by shifting cold flow operability properties of HPFT fuels to a range capable even under extreme cold conditions. In addition, a highquality kerosene fraction is obtained to create bio jet fuels with an extremely deep freezing point, as low as −80°C. The isomerization degree, as well as the carbon number distribution of high paraffinic profile, and the branching degree have a major impact on the cold flow properties and cetane number. FT diesel has, compared to HPFT diesel, a slightly higher derived cetane number (DCN>83) and a cloud point of −9°C, whereas HPFT diesel reaches values as low as −60°C. Although the HPFT naphtha obtained consists of high amounts of isoparaffins, the RON/ MON values are comparable to fossil straight-run naphtha. The reason is that the branching degree of isoparaffins from the naphtha fraction is not sufficiently high enough to reach the typical octane number values of gasoline products delivered at filling stations. Assuming the goal of launching a premium biodiesel or biokerosene fuel to the market, these hydroprocessed synthetic biofuels from FT biowaxes are ideal blending components.

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“…231,435,[501][502][503][504] The product distributions obtained from HCR of n-decane at high conversion over different Pt/MSA catalysts are shown in Figure 5.29. 231 A more symmetrical distribution around the C 5 fraction was observed for 0.6% Pt/MSA, suggesting a better balance between metal and acidic functions of the catalyst.…”

Section: Bifunctional Amorphous Silica-alumina Hcr Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalysis in the Upgrading of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude

2010

Catalysis in the Refining of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude

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The catalysis of conversion technologies that are found in most commercial Fischer–Tropsch upgrading and refining facilities are discussed. Four main classes of catalysis are considered, namely a) alkene oligomerisation, b) isomerisation and hydroisomerisation of alkanes and alkenes, c) cracking and hydrocracking, and d) hydrotreating. The focus is on catalysis, with aspects such as oxygenates, oxygenate related deactivation, commercial processes and Fischer–Tropsch application specifics being highlighted.

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Middle distillates from hydrocracking of FT waxes: Composition, characteristics and emission properties

Cited by 87 publications

References 28 publications

n-Hexadecane hydrocracking Single-Event MicroKinetics on Pt/H-beta

n-Hexadecane hydrocracking Single-Event MicroKinetics on Pt/H-beta

Hydroprocessing of Fischer–Tropsch biowaxes to second-generation biofuels

Catalysis in the Upgrading of Fischer–Tropsch Syncrude

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