Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Infection, Immunological Response, and Vaccine Development

Mubarak, Ayman; Alturaiki, Wael; Hemida, Maged Gomaa

doi:10.1155/2019/6491738

Cited by 185 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 100 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…A novel BH3‐like region located in the C‐terminal cytosolic domain of SARS‐CoV protein mediates its binding to Bcl‐xL and induced T‐cell apoptosis 83 . During the later stage of infection, depletion of T cells having antiviral effects may prolong the infection and promote viral survival 84 …”

Section: Adaptive Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 82%

Coronavirus infections and immune responses

Fan

Lai

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

1,687

1,776

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive-sense RNA viruses having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved Coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health. The immune response is essential to control and eliminate CoV infections, however, maladjusted immune responses may result in immunopathology and impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between Coronaviruses and the innate immune systems of the hosts may shed light on the development and persistence of inflammation in the lungs and hopefully can reduce the risk of lung inflammation caused by CoVs. In this review, we provide an update on CoV infections and relevant diseases, particularly the host defense against CoV-induced inflammation of lung tissue, as well as the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment.

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Section: Adaptive Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 82%

Coronavirus infections and immune responses

Fan

Lai

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

1,687

1,776

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several surveillance studies have been carried out addressing known (Tehseen et al 2015;El Wathig et al 2016) andemerging (Miguel et al 2017;Babelhadj et al 2018) zoonotic diseases, like the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (reviewed in Mubarak et al 2019). The importance of proteomic studies to understand camel adaptation to desert environment has been highlighted (Warda et al 2014), as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms in response to heat stress (Hoter et al 2019).…”

Section: Disease and Environmental Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Old World camels in a modern world – a balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement

Burger¹,

Ciani

Faye

2019

Animal Genetics

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Old World camels have served humans in cross-continental caravans, transporting people and goods, connecting different cultures and providing milk, meat, wool and draught since their domestication around 3000-6000 years ago. In a world of modern transport and fast connectivity, these beasts of burden seem to be out-dated. However, a growing demand for sustainable milk and meat production, especially in countries affected by climate change and increasing desertification, brings dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) and Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) back onstage and into the focus of animal breeders and scientists. In this review on the molecular genetics of these economically important species we give an overview about the evolutionary history, domestication and dispersal of Old World camels, whereas highlighting the need for conservation of wild two-humped camels (Camelus ferus) as an evolutionarily unique and highly endangered species. We provide cutting-edge information on the current molecular resources and on-going sequencing projects. We cannot emphasise enough the importance of balancing the need for improving camel production traits with maintaining the genetic diversity in two domestic species with specific physiological adaptation to a desert environment.

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“…Because MERS-CoV does not have a commercially licensed vaccine, studies to develop the vaccine are still active [24]. In the case of influenza, the vaccine is present, but the inactivated vaccine is less effective than the attenuated vaccine [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MERS-CoV Spike Protein Vaccine and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Formulated with Single Strand RNA Adjuvant Induce T-Cell Activation through Intranasal Immunization in Mice

et al. 2020

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The effectiveness of vaccines is enhanced by adding adjuvants. Furthermore, the selection of an inoculation route depends on the type of adjuvant used and is important for achieving optimum vaccine efficacy. We investigated the immunological differences between two types of vaccines-spike protein from the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus and inactivated influenza virus vaccine, in combination with a single-stranded RNA adjuvant-administered through various routes (intramuscular, intradermal, and intranasal) to BALB/c mice. Intramuscular immunization with the RNA adjuvant-formulated spike protein elicited the highest humoral immune response, characterized by IgG1 and neutralizing antibody production. Although intranasal immunization did not elicit a humoral response, it showed extensive T-cell activation through large-scale induction of interferon-γ-and interleukin-2-secreting cells, as well as CD4+ T-cell activation in mouse splenocytes. Moreover, only intranasal immunization induced IgA production. When immunized with the inactivated influenza vaccine, administration of the RNA adjuvant via all routes led to protection after viral challenge, regardless of the presence of a vaccine-specific antibody. Therefore, the inoculation route should depend on the type of immune response needed; i.e., the intramuscular route is suitable for eliciting a humoral immune response, whereas the intranasal route is useful for T-cell activation and IgA induction.

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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Infection, Immunological Response, and Vaccine Development

Cited by 185 publications

References 100 publications

Coronavirus infections and immune responses

Coronavirus infections and immune responses

Old World camels in a modern world – a balancing act between conservation and genetic improvement

MERS-CoV Spike Protein Vaccine and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Formulated with Single Strand RNA Adjuvant Induce T-Cell Activation through Intranasal Immunization in Mice

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