Middle voice

Kaufmann, Ingrid

doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2006.10.001

Cited by 74 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The point of 4 Such valency reduction through reflexive look-alikes has been interpreted as reflexivisation proper by Koontz-Garboden (2009). For a more plausible semantics of middles see, among others, Kaufmann (2007). 5 Slavonic influence is a possibility here.…”

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confidence: 99%

Macroscopic and microscopic typology: Basic Valence Orientation, more pertinacious than meets the naked eye

Plank

Lahiri

2015

Linguistic Typology

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Basic Valence Orientation has been suggested as a typological parameter by Nichols, Peterson, & Barnes (2004). Generalising over the entire lexicon, the idea is that languages can be distinguished as transitivising or detransitivising, depending on whether their verbs are basically intransitive or transitive and the opposite valency values require some means of derivation, such as causativisation or decausativisation. Whereas derivedness among valency opposites is assessed through easy-to-spot overt segmental morphological or syntactic markers by Nichols et al. (2004), we argue that PHONOLOGICAL alternations, on their own or attendant upon conjugation class switches between intransitives and transitives, can be as directed as derivations are which are implemented through adding segmental markers. Illustrating from German, we show that stem vowel patterns in strong and corresponding weak verbs (with the former expressing inflectional categories through ablaut) as well as umlaut alternations in verb derivation are systematically involved in valency oppositions and are both directed. Thus, German emerges as being typologically mixed, being strongly transitivising on the grounds of such asymmetric formal patterns, while also showing (as observed by Nichols et al. 2004) a detransitivising or indeterminate disposition through syntactic "middle" marking or verb lability. This typological result is also of diachronic significance, insofar as the older transitivising inclination is seen to have been remarkably pertinacious, long surviving the loss of the affixal valencyincreasing morphology of Common Germanic and able to hold its own against more recent detransitivising competition.

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confidence: 99%

Macroscopic and microscopic typology: Basic Valence Orientation, more pertinacious than meets the naked eye

Plank

Lahiri

2015

Linguistic Typology

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“…Following the claim for other Bantu languages by Seidl & Dimitriadis (2003) and Dom et al (2017), I propose that the -ik morpheme in Kinyarwanda is a marker of middle voice. 8 Building on work by Kaufmann (2007), Beavers & Zubair (2013), Spathas et al (2015) and especially Beavers & Udayana (2018), I argue in the next subsection that the middle is a non-active voice that marks a mismatch between the verb's syntax and semantics, and the three readings of the -ik morpheme discussed above follow from this analysis of the middle. Two pieces of evidence support the general proposal that -ik is a marker of middle voice.…”

Section: -Ik As a Middlementioning

confidence: 88%

“…The term 'middle' is used to describe a voice category that covers several intransitive verb classes (Condoravdi 1989, Fagan 1992, Kemmer 1993, Ackema & Schoorlemmer 1994, 1995, Lekakou 2002, Kaufmann 2007, Alexiadou & Doron 2012. Middles, however, are a relatively heterogenous class, and their properties vary greatly across languages.…”

Section: -Ik As a Middlementioning

confidence: 99%

Change-of-state paradigms and the middle in Kinyarwanda

Jerro

2018

Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies

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This article investigates the derivational relationships among members of verbal paradigms in Kinyarwanda (Bantu JD61; Rwanda) by pursuing two interrelated goals. First, I describe a variety of derivational strategies for marking transitive and intransitive variants in change-of-state verb paradigms. Second, I focus on the detransitivizing morpheme-ik which serves as one possible marking for intransitive members of these paradigms. Ultimately, I argue that this morpheme is a marker of middle voice, and the variety of readings which appear with this form can be subsumed under a single operation of argument suppression. Finally, I provide a discussion of reflexives and the apparent lack of a reflexive reading with-ik by arguing that this reading is blocked by either lexical reflexives or the reflexive prefix i- .

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“…Новый взгляд на теоретическое осмысление грамматической категории залога был предложен в различных научных трудах по удмуртскому языку второй половины XX -начала XXI в. [1; 10], а также в грамматиках 15 и учебной литературе 16 . В данных изданиях выделяются залоговые пары понудительности-непонудительности и возвратности-невозвратности.…”

Section: обзор литературыunclassified

Functioning of the verb’s reflexive voice in the modern Udmurt language

Kostina

2021

FUW

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Introduction. Any language’s verb system has many resources for denoting various actions of people. The relations of the action or state of the subject to its object are determined by the grammatical category of the voice, represented in the Udmurt language by the pairs of causative – non-causative, reflexive – non-reflexive forms of voices. The article considers the functioning of the verb’s reflexive voice in the modern Udmurt language, including the etymology of the voice’s affix, the grammatical meanings of reflexive verbs. Materials and Methods. The main material of the research is based on the Udmurt-Russian Dictionary (2008) and the texts of Udmurt writers included into the National Corpus of the Udmurt Language. The article used a set of such research methods as descriptive, continuous sampling, contextual analysis, taking into account the situational conditioning of the verb voice. On specific examples, the use of these methods makes it possible to consider the structure, dynamics and features of the functioning of the reflexive voice of the verb in the Udmurt language. Results and Discussion. As a result of the research, for the first time, among the reflexive voice’s groups we include verbs of passive voice. The reason of it is the low probability of using passive constructions in colloquial speech. The frequent cases of using passive meanings of verbs in the literature and in the press are defined by the calcified translation of foreign-language constructions. Conclusion. The grammatical structure of the Udmurt language is represented by two binary voice’s forms: reflexive/non-reflexive voice and causative/non-causative voice. Specific indicators of reflexive voice are affixes -ськ(ы)-/-ск(ы), -иськ(ы)-/-üськ(ы)-. From the point of view of semantic content, five semantic groups of returnable pledges are distinguished: reflexive, medial, reciprocal, impersonal, passive. The proposed classification is determined by the specifics of the relations between the subject and the object of action.

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Middle voice

Cited by 74 publications

References 17 publications

Macroscopic and microscopic typology: Basic Valence Orientation, more pertinacious than meets the naked eye

Macroscopic and microscopic typology: Basic Valence Orientation, more pertinacious than meets the naked eye

Change-of-state paradigms and the middle in Kinyarwanda

Functioning of the verb’s reflexive voice in the modern Udmurt language

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