Midgut pH profile and protein digestion in the larvae of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Vale, Vladimir Fazito do; Pereira, Marcos H.; Gontijo, Nelder F.

doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.06.005

Cited by 39 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…For example, protease activity was detected in the posterior midgut and not in the anterior midgut for these insects. Similar regional findings have also been reported for Aphis gossypii Glover (Deraison et al 2004) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva) larvae (Fazito de Vale et al 2007). We also showed that, over a 2-day period, changes in gut development and microbial growth occur within the medfly and mexfly gut and these changes can be substantial over a few hours.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Description of the irradiated and nonirradiated midgut of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) used for sterile insect technique

Lauzon

Potter

2012

J Pest Sci

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Midguts from adult sterile male Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann and Anastrepha ludens Loew, the Mediterranean fruit fly and Mexican fruit fly, respectively, were examined microscopically to determine if radiation used in sterile insect technique (SIT) affected this non target tissue and/or the microorganisms associated with the midgut. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to compare midgut tissues and microorganisms from irradiated and nonirradiated mass-reared adult flies. Observations for both fruit fly species were similar. Our comparisons revealed that newly emerged and two-day-old irradiated flies exhibited signs of damage to midgut tissue, cellular organelles, and gut microbiota not observed in nonirradiated flies of the same ages. Peritrophic membrane formation and bacterial growth appeared diminished in the midguts of irradiated flies compared to nonirradiated flies. Cellular damage of midgut tissue from irradiated flies included distorted, small nuclei that lacked nuclear material, and mitochondria that were dilated and/or vacuolated. No visual evidence of cellular damage was observed in nonirradiated flies. The impact of radiation used in SIT on fly competitiveness, referred to herein as the capability of adult flies to perform a function, is discussed, including the potential use of probiotic diets to improve damaged midgut tissue and restore midgut microbiota.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Description of the irradiated and nonirradiated midgut of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) used for sterile insect technique

Lauzon

Potter

2012

J Pest Sci

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“…The potassium concentration and pH in the soil could transiently increase in decaying plant material which involves microbial metabolism of proteinaceous compounds, resulting in production of ammonia and a concomitant increase of pH. Environments known to reach high pH values are the mid-and hindgut of insects (14,19,30). Here, pH values Ͼ8 have been determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Activities of Valinomycin and Cereulide, the Bacillus cereus Emetic Toxin

Tempelaars

Rodrigues

Abee

2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cereulide and valinomycin are highly similar cyclic dodecadepsipeptides with potassium ionophoric properties. Cereulide, produced by members of the Bacillus cereus group, is known mostly as emetic toxin, and no ecological function has been assigned. A comparative analysis of the antimicrobial activity of valinomycin produced by Streptomyces spp. and cereulide was performed at a pH range of pH 5.5 to pH 9.5, under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Both compounds display pH-dependent activity against selected Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987. Notably, B. cereus strain ATCC 14579 and the emetic B. cereus strains F4810/72 and A529 showed reduced sensitivity to both compounds, with the latter two strains displaying full resistance to cereulide. Both compounds showed no activity against the selected Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria was highest at alkaline pH values, where the membrane potential (⌬⌿) is the main component of the proton motive force (PMF). Furthermore, inhibition of growth was observed in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Determination of the ⌬⌿, using the membrane potential probe DiOC 2 (3) (in the presence of 50 mM KCl) in combination with flow cytometry, demonstrated for the first time the ability of cereulide to dissipate the ⌬⌿ in sensitive Gram-positive bacteria. The putative role of cereulide production in the ecology of emetic B. cereus is discussed.Members of the Bacillus cereus group, also known as Bacillus cereus sensu lato, are Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria (30,31). This group consists of the species B. cereus, B. weihenstephanensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. anthracis, and B. thuringiensis (16, 30, 31, 70). B. cereus is found predominantly in the soil (3,30,70,75) and has been isolated from the rhizosphere (3, 5), the air (70), the gut of invertebrates (30,39), and a wide range of foods (16,70). It is a notorious food spoilage organism (4, 70) and the causative agent of two types of food-borne disease (16,22,70), the emetic and diarrheal syndromes. The emetic toxin cereulide is produced by emetic B. cereus (1, 2, 22, 70) and some psychrotolerant B. weihenstephanensis strains (72,73). This food intoxication, expressed by vomiting, is usually mild but occasionally results in fatalities (12,42,70). The toxin was found to be proteolytic resistant and highly heat and pH stable (57,67,68,74). Cereulide is a so-called cyclic dodecadepsipep-, and its K ϩ ionophoric properties have been established in black-lipid membranes and by assessing its impact on mitochondrial swelling and function (1,32,45,68). Recent research focused mainly on the genetic factors involved in the production of cereulide, the identification of transcriptional regulators, detection methods, and the impact of environmental conditions on cereulide levels reached, including a variety of (model) foods (13,15,17,38,...

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“…Accordingly, serine proteases activities from several insects present similar alkaline pH dependence (Bowles et al 1988, Terra & Ferreira 1994, Casu et al 1996, Tabouret et al 2003. Detection of enzymes with optimum pH in the alkaline range is not surprising given that most of the proteolytic activities present in the larvae of several fly species correspond to digestive serine proteases, which are predominant in the midgut, a highly alkaline environment (Terra & Ferreira 1994, Casu et al 1996, Muharsini et al 2000, Tabouret et al 2003, Fazito do Vale et al 2007. Furthermore, proteases with broad pH optima have been described in other insect species (Bown et al 1998, Noriega et al 2002.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These results show that enzymatic activities detected in L1 are serine proteases of the chymotrypsin type. Similarly, the major proteases detected in larvae of other Diptera species also belong to the serine protease class (Tabouret et al 2003, Fazito do Vale et al 2007, Pires et al 2007). Regarding pH dependence, some serine protease enzymes were active at pH 5.5, while most presented an optimal activity between pH 7.5-9.5 (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Such proteolytic mechanisms are highly regulated and are involved in a variety of physiologic processes, such as programmed cell death, stress responses (heat shock and anoxia), skeletal muscle atrophy, cellcell recognition, signal transduction and learning, morphogenesis, and photoreceptor light adaptation (Mykles 1998). Different classes of proteases such as cysteine proteases, metalloproteases and serino proteases have been described both in adults and larvae of several species of the Diptera (Han et al 1997, Rosenfeld & Vanderberg 1998, Cho et al 1999, Noriega et al 2002, Vierstraete et al 2003, Okuda et al 2005, Fazito do Vale et al 2007, Pires et al 2007, Rodrigues et al 2007). Despite the existence of information about morphology, taxonomy and ecology of this genus, as far as we know, no data has been published on the biochemical traits of O. thornax.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serine protease activities in Oxysarcodexia thornax (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) first instar larva

Cuervo¹,

Mesquita-Rodrigues²,

d’Avila-Levy³

et al. 2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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We report for the first time the expression of multiple protease activities in the first instar larva (L1) of the flesh fly Oxysarcodexia thornax (Walker). Zymographic analysis of homogenates from freshly obtained L1 revealed a complex proteolytic profile ranging from 21.5 to 136 kDa. Although some activities were detected at pH 3.5 and 5.5, the optimum pH for most of the proteolytic activities was between pH 7.5 and 9.5. Seven of 10 proteases were completely inactivated by phenyl-methyl sulfonyl-fluoride, suggesting that main proteases expressed by L1 belong to serine proteases class. Complete inactivation of all enzymatic activities was obtained using N-p-Tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (100 µM), a specific inhibitor of chymotrypsin-like serine proteases.Keywords: Oxysarcodexia thornax -Sarcophagidae -chymotrypsin-like serine proteasesThe genus Oxysarcodexia belongs to the Sarcophagidae family (flesh flies) whose major biological feature is the ovo-larvipary (Pape 1996). Females may deposit first instar larvae directly onto the vertebrate host at predisposing sites (causing secondary myiasis), carcasses, decomposing organic matter, and dung (Panu et al. 2000). Genus Oxysarcodexia is widely distributed in the Neotropical regions (Lopes 1946), and in Brazil, O. thornax (Walker) is found in both urban and rural areas of several states. This species is abundant in the state of Rio de Janeiro, occurring preferentially in the summer season, with the population peak between January and February (Oliveira et al. 2002).In biological systems, proteases may carry out (i) a regulatory function by activation or inactivation of specific proteins via selective proteolysis, and (ii) a nonspecific proteolytic function involved in general protein hydrolysis. Such proteolytic mechanisms are highly regulated and are involved in a variety of physiologic processes, such as programmed cell death, stress responses (heat shock and anoxia), skeletal muscle atrophy, cellcell recognition, signal transduction and learning, morphogenesis, and photoreceptor light adaptation (Mykles 1998). Different classes of proteases such as cysteine proteases, metalloproteases and serino proteases have been described both in adults and larvae of several species of the Diptera (Han et al. 1997, Rosenfeld & Vanderberg 1998, Cho et al. 1999, Noriega et al. 2002, Vierstraete et al. 2003, Okuda et al. 2005, Fazito do Vale et al. 2007, Pires et al. 2007, Rodrigues et al. 2007). Despite the existence of information about morphology, taxonomy and ecology of this genus, as far as we know, no data has been published on the biochemical traits of O. thornax. In the present study, the proteolytic profile of O. thornax first instar larvae was investigated using zymographic analysis. O. thornax adults were collected as previously described (Oliveira et al. 2002) and females were kept in a 50 ml plastic vial for 24 h at room temperature. Following death of the females, abundant live first instar larvae (L1) were released and immediately collected. Larvae were ...

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Midgut pH profile and protein digestion in the larvae of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Cited by 39 publications

References 24 publications

Description of the irradiated and nonirradiated midgut of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) used for sterile insect technique

Description of the irradiated and nonirradiated midgut of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Anastrepha ludens Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae) used for sterile insect technique

Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Activities of Valinomycin and Cereulide, the Bacillus cereus Emetic Toxin

Serine protease activities in Oxysarcodexia thornax (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) first instar larva

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