“…5,112 The emergence of TPVR has clearly transformed PVR therapy, but outcomes should be evaluated compared to surgical PVR outcomes which are still considered to be the benchmark. 113 Current surgical options for PVR include stented bioprosthetic valves, [114][115][116] (porcine and pericardial), homografts 8,117,118 (pulmonary, aortic, and femoral vein valved conduits), xenografts 119,120 (bovine jugular venous valved conduits), heterografts 121 (Dacron graft stented porcine valved conduit), and surgeon-made conduits 122,123 (GoreTex valved conduit). [124][125][126][127] Pulmonary valve repair is appropriate for specific circumstances, such as isolated cusp injury resulting in significant pulmonary regurgitation but is otherwise rarely employed for pulmonary valve dysfunction.…”