Midwinter dehardening of montane red spruce during a natural thaw

Strimbeck, G. R.; Schaberg, Paul G.; DeHayes, Donald H.; Shane, J.B.; Hawley, Gary J.

doi:10.1139/x95-221

Cited by 73 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…For example, Schaberg et al (1996) noted that frost tolerance of seedlings strongly decreased (-47°C to about -33°C) after four to eight days of simulated winter thawing with temperatures above 0°C. Similar reductions in frost tolerance were observed by Strimbeck et al (1995) in mature trees. This rapid dehardening, unique to red spruce, is less pronounced if the period of thawing is brief (DeHayes et al 1990a, Perkins et al 1993 and if night-time temperature remains below 0°C (Hadley and Amundson 1992, Schaberg et al 1996, Lund andLivingston 1998).…”

Section: Frost Susceptibilitysupporting

confidence: 77%

“…For example, the For personal use only. maximum frost tolerance of the current year's foliage is generally -30°C to -50°C (DeHayes et al 1990b;Perkins et al 1993;Strimbeck et al 1995;Schaberg et al 1996Schaberg et al , 2000b), compared to -50°C to -90°C for balsam fir (DeHayes et al 1990b, Strimbeck et al 1995, and -80°C for black spruce and white spruce (DeHayes 1992). This comparatively low frost tolerance would explain why the natural range of red spruce is generally confined to areas with an absolute minimum temperature above -40°C (Arris and Eagleson 1989).…”

Section: Frost Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Management for red spruce conservation in Québec: The importance of some physiological and ecological characteristics – A review

Dumais¹,

Prévost²

2007

The Forestry Chronicle

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The physiological and ecological characteristics of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) are reviewed and integrated into ecosystem management options. Red spruce is a shade-tolerant, late-successional conifer species found in the temperate forests of northeastern North America. Its wood, being of excellent quality, is prized by the forest industry. Unfortunately, this high-value species has been in decline throughout its entire range for the past 50 years. At high elevations, in northeastern United States, crown dieback caused by the combined effect of atmospheric pollution and climate is largely responsible of this decline. In other areas, such as Québec (Canada), the scarcity of red spruce is mainly caused by forest management practices that are poorly adapted to the species' ecophysiology. Many physiological studies have shown that the species is sensitive to full sunlight (at juvenile and advance growth stages), high temperatures and frost. It also has particular microsite requirements for seed germination and early seedling establishment, such as the presence of large decaying woody debris. Hence, a management strategy adapted for red spruce should favour the use of partial cutting, maintaining some overstory and dead wood. This will emulate the natural dynamics of small canopy gaps and minimize the physiological stresses to regeneration. The ecophysiological aspects of natural and artificial regeneration of red spruce should be examined with respect to the increased use of partial cutting techniques.Keys words: advance regeneration, balsam fir (Abies balsamea L.), ecophysiology, ecosystem management, frost susceptibility, light response, microenvironment, red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), seedling establishment, shade tolerance, silvicultural systems, thermosensitivity RÉSUMÉ Les caractéristiques physiologiques et écologiques de l'épinette rouge (Picea rubens Sarg.) sont révisées et intégrées dans des options d'aménagement écosystémique. L'épinette rouge est un conifère tolérant à l'ombre et de fin de succession que l'on retrouve dans les forêts tempérées du nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord. Son bois, d'excellente qualité, est recherché par l'industrie forestière. Depuis 50 ans, cette essence de grande valeur a malheureusement connu un déclin sur l'ensemble de son aire de répartition. En haute altitude, dans le nord-est des États-Unis, le dépérissement de la cime causé par l'effet combiné de la pollution atmosphérique et du climat est en grande partie responsable de ce déclin. En d'autres endroits, comme au Québec (Canada), la raréfaction de l'épinette rouge est surtout attribuable à des pratiques d'aménagement forestier peu adaptées à son écophysiologie. Plusieurs études physiologiques ont montré que cette espèce est sensible à la pleine lumière (aux stades juvénile et de régénération préétablie), aux températures élevées et au gel. Elle requiert aussi des microsites particuliers, comme les gros débris ligneux en décomposition, pour la germination des graines et l'établissement initial des semis. Ainsi, ...

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Section: Frost Susceptibilitysupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Frost Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Management for red spruce conservation in Québec: The importance of some physiological and ecological characteristics – A review

Dumais¹,

Prévost²

2007

The Forestry Chronicle

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“…Some researchers believe that the damage is associated with fluctuations of warm and freezing temperatures in winter months (Henson 1952, Cayford et al 1959, Robin and Susut 1974. In the well-studied syndrome of red spruce winter injury in the northeastern United States, both winter desiccation (Curry and Church 1952, Hadley et al 1991 and dehardening/freezing damage (Peart et al 1991;Perkins and Adams 1995;Strimbeck et al 1995;Lazarus et al 2004Lazarus et al , 2006 have been suggested as causal factors. In this paper we examine the possible causes of widespread conifer damage in northern Ontario and identify next steps to improve our understanding of this recurring phenomenon.…”

Section: Ricardo Velasquezmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in the northeastern United States, both winter desiccation (Curry and Church 1952, Hadley et al 1991 and dehardening/freezing damage (Peart et al 1991;Perkins and Adams 1995;Strimbeck et al 1995;Lazarus et al 2004Lazarus et al , 2006 have been suggested as causal factors. In this paper we examine the possible causes of widespread conifer damage in northern Ontario and identify next steps to improve our understanding of this recurring phenomenon.…”

Section: Ricardo Velasquezmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case of extensive conifer needle browning in northwestern Ontario in 2012: Winter drying or freezing damage?

Man

Colombo

Kayahara

et al. 2013

The Forestry Chronicle

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In the spring of 2012, conifers in a large area in northwestern Ontario exhibited severe needle browning prior to budbreak, affecting more than 250 000 ha of forests north and west of Thunder Bay. Examination of weather data suggests that damage was caused by a combination of warm temperatures in March resulting in dehardening followed by freezing temperatures in April that were below a critical value. Damage was similar in nature to that observed in 2007 in northeastern Ontario, but in this case occurred earlier in the year and affected a larger area. Areas of northern Ontario where trees were affected were easily separated from those where no damage was observed using daily minimum temperature and cumulative growing degree day data. We suggest that a new term, winter freezing damage, be used to describe conifer needle and bud damage prior to budbreak when a period of warm temperatures in late winter/early spring followed by a period of sufficiently cold freezing temperatures causes damage to forest stands.Keywords: conifer winter damage, mature needle and bud mortality, late March warming, early dehardening, freezing résumé Au printemps 2012, les conifères d'une grande partie du nord-ouest de l'Ontario montraient un brunissement important de leurs aiguilles avant le débourrement printanier, et ce sur plus de 250 000 ha de forêts situées au nord et à l' ouest de Thunder Bay. L' étude des données météorologiques indique que les dommages ont été provoqués par une combinaison de températures chaudes au cours du mois de mars qui ont interrompu la dormance, suivies de températures très froides en avril, inférieures au seuil critique. Les dommages étaient de même nature que ceux observés en 2007 dans le nord-est de l'Ontario, mais qui étaient survenus plus tôt dans la saison, affectant une plus grande étendue. Les secteurs du nord de l'Ontario où les arbres ont subi des dommages se distinguaient clairement de ceux sans dommage apparent sur la base des données de température minimale moyenne et des degrés-jours de croissance accumulés. Nous suggérons d'utiliser le néologisme « dommage de gel hivernal » pour décrire les dommages aux aiguilles et aux bourgeons de conifères survenant avant le débourrement lorsqu'un redoux suivi d'une période de températures sous le point de congélation survient à la fin de l'hiver ou au début du printemps, provoquant des dommages aux peuplements forestiers. Description of conifer browningIn the spring of 2012, severe needle browning (i.e., needle death) developed in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3), white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) (Fig. 4), (Fig. 5), and black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) stands in a large area of northwestern Ontario. Affected trees were mostly young conifers between 5 and 25 years old, but in some areas mature overstory trees were also damaged. Among species, white spruce and balsam fir sustained the most damage and black spruce the least. Damage was first noticed prior to budbreak during late April and early May 2...

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“…1). Mid winter increases the photosynthetic rates of coniferous species occur when there are warm air temperature events [42,43,48,50].…”

Section: Net Photosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Yellow-cedar and western redcedar ecophysiological response to fall, winter and early spring temperature conditions

Grossnickle¹,

Russell

2006

Ann. For. Sci.

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-Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn) and yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) populations originating from an elevation zone where these two species naturally coexist were monitored to define their performance patterns in response to seasonal temperature conditions within the fall, winter and early spring field conditions of the Pacific Northwest coastal forest region. Western redcedar and yellow-cedar populations were measured for changes in growth rhythms, photosynthetic patterns and freezing tolerance. Net photosynthesis (P n ) for both species was directly related to minimum air temperature that occurred during the prior evening, though no population differences were detected within each species. Photosynthesis was greater in western redcedar, than yellow-cedar when minimum air temperature was above freezing. Freezing temperatures from ~0 to -5°C caused a greater reduction in photosynthesis for western redcedar, though not a complete cessation of photosynthetic capability in either species. Freezing tolerance increased at a moderate rate in the fall as mean air temperature declined for both species when their shoot systems were still active, with freezing tolerance increasing at a rapid rate when shoot systems showed no mitotic activity. No shoot growth or mitotic activity was detected in shoot tips of both western redcedar and yellow-cedar when mean air temperature decreased to 4°C for the previous week. No population differences, within each species, were detected in the development of fall freezing tolerance. Yellow-cedar obtained a slightly greater level of freezing tolerance when fall temperatures were < 4°C. Both species had a loss of freezing tolerance as mean air temperature increased in late winter. Shoot growth resumed in both species in late winter when mean air temperature increased to 6 to 6.5°C. The resumption of shoot growth resulted in a faster loss of freezing tolerance for western redcedar compared to yellow-cedar. où ces deux espèces coexistent ont été suivies pour définir leurs types de performances en réponse aux conditions thermiques saisonnières de l'automne, de l'hiver et du début du printemps dans la région forestière côtière du Nord Ouest Pacifique. Les populations de Thuja plicata et de Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ont été mesurées pour étudier les variations dans les rythmes de croissance, les types d'activité photosynthétique et la tolérance au gel. Pour les deux espèces, la photosynthèse nette (Pn) était directement liée au minimum de température du soir précédent, bien que des différences n'aient pas été mises en évidence entre populations dans chacune des espèces. La photosynthèse était plus élevée chez Thuja plicata que chez Chamaecyparis nootkatensis lorsque la température minimum était au-dessus de zéro degré. Les températures glaciales de -0 à -5°C induisent la réduction la plus importante de la photosynthèse chez Thuja plicata, quoiqu'il n'y ait pas un complet arrêt de la capacité photosynthétique chez l'une ou l'autre des espèces. Pour les de...

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Midwinter dehardening of montane red spruce during a natural thaw

Cited by 73 publications

References 13 publications

Management for red spruce conservation in Québec: The importance of some physiological and ecological characteristics – A review

Management for red spruce conservation in Québec: The importance of some physiological and ecological characteristics – A review

A case of extensive conifer needle browning in northwestern Ontario in 2012: Winter drying or freezing damage?

Yellow-cedar and western redcedar ecophysiological response to fall, winter and early spring temperature conditions

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