Migración y ecología espacial de la cigüeña blanca en España

Foraging at Solid Urban Waste Disposal Sites as Risk Factor for Cephalosporin and Colistin Resistant Escherichia coli Carriage in White Storks (Ciconia ciconia)

“…This is based on the reduced home range of storks during chick raising and incubation and the assumption that storks are less likely to undertake long foraging flights during this period as compared to other stages. This hypothesis is supported by satellite transmitter data from radio-tagged adult storks from colonies in South-central Spain that show distinct foraging either in natural habitat or at human waste disposal sites ( Bécares et al, 2019 ). In addition, the distance between a stork’s nest and solid human waste landfills has been shown to correlate with the frequency and intensity with which the storks forage on waste ( Djerdali et al, 2016 ; Gilbert et al, 2016 ).…”

“…As storks cohabit in the proximities of humans and food producing animals, they are able to acquire bacteria from these and transport them to other locations in their annual or regular movements ( Tryjanowski et al, 2006 ). The present study takes advantage of the fact that even though during winter most storks forage on human waste; during breeding the nesting site and colony determine the foraging ecology and allow for the characterization of risk factors for the exposure of white storks to CR E. coli ( Alonso et al, 1991 ; Tortosa et al, 2002 ; Bécares et al, 2019 ). Our results suggest that the stork nestlings more likely fed human waste by their parents (using distance to rubbish dump as a proxy) were more likely to carry CR E. coli .…”

“…During this period, foraging occurs mostly in a spatially defined area and can be linked fairly clearly to a specific type of habitat/food source, allowing for the comparison of the effect of feeding on natural and/or human origin (waste) resources ( Alonso et al, 1991 ; Tortosa et al, 2002 ). In contrast, during the migration and wintering periods, the spatial distribution of foraging increases, as well as the intensity of use of human waste disposal sites as a predictable food source, making association of storks to a specific habitat more difficult ( Ciach and Kruszyk, 2010 ; Bécares et al, 2019 ). The continuous predictable availability of food on landfills has a profound effect on the migratory patterns of several avian species including white storks ( Plaza and Lambertucci, 2017 ).…”

“…While juvenile white storks and some adult birds still migrate to Africa, the majority have shortened their migratory distance considerably. As a result, many Spanish white storks winter in Spain on, or close to, landfills and are joined by birds from central and northern Europe, that either are on stopover on their route toward Africa, or remain in Spain for the winter ( Gilbert et al, 2016 ; Bécares et al, 2019 ).…”

“…White storks ( Ciconia ciconia ), like many other free-living migratory birds, can become long-distance vectors of CR E. coli . They feed nearby pastures and plowed fields, marshy wetlands, rice fields, and more recently on solid human waste disposal sites, and display long-distance movement patterns within and between continents ( Flack et al, 2016 ; Bécares et al, 2019 ). Due to their mobility and contact with fecal contamination in pastures and surface waters, they may effectively acquire and spread disease and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria ( Szczepanska et al, 2015 ) and become a potential source of CR E. coli for humans and farm animals ( Tryjanowski et al, 2006 ; Keller et al, 2011 ).…”