“…Migraine is common, and while the global prevalence is around one in seven people ( GBD 2016 Headache Collaborators, 2018 ), it is estimated that the lifetime consultation rate for headache in the United States is 79.8%, suggesting that, overall, migraine biology is more common than the rate of diagnosis suggests ( Lipton et al, 2018 ). Epidemiological studies have suggested that migraine is associated with other systemic conditions such as depression ( Bruti et al, 2012 ; Ligthart et al, 2013 ; Yang et al, 2016 ; Amoozegar, 2017 ; Peres et al, 2017 ; Amiri et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ), anxiety ( Wacogne et al, 2003 ; Seng et al, 2017 ), irritable bowel syndrome ( Cole et al, 2006 ; Cady et al, 2012 ; Chang and Lu, 2013 ; Lau et al, 2014 ; van Hemert et al, 2014 ; Cámara-Lemarroy et al, 2016 ; Le Gal et al, 2016 ; Perveen et al, 2016 ; Doulberis et al, 2017 ; Grassini and Nordin, 2017 ; Wu et al, 2017 ; Arzani et al, 2020 ), fibromyalgia ( Nicolodi and Sicuteri, 1996 ; Peres et al, 2001 ; Peres, 2003 ; Marcus et al, 2005 ; Ifergane et al, 2006 ; Vij et al, 2015 ; Cho et al, 2017 ; Do et al, 2018 ; Whealy et al, 2018 ; Penn et al, 2019 ), sleep disorders ( Cevoli et al, 2012 ; Engstrøm et al, 2013 ; Kim et al, 2017 ; Rains, 2018 ; Buse et al, 2019 ; Ferini-Strambi et al, 2019 ; Bertisch et al, 2020 ), and chronic fatigue ( Peres et al, 2002 ; Lucchesi et al, 2016 ; Seo and Park, 2018 ), as well as cognitive disorders ( Gil-Gouveia and Martins, 2017 , 2019 ; Vuralli et al, 2018 ; Lo Buono et al, 2019 ). Many reasons have been postulated for these associations, including comorbidities, cause and effect, and shared pathophysiological mechanisms.…”