Abstract. The use of biofilters to produce drinking water from anaerobic
groundwater is widespread in some European countries. A major disadvantage of
biofilters is the long start-up period required for virgin filter medium to
become fully functional. Although individual aspects of biofilter start-up
have previously been investigated, no comprehensive study in full scale using
inherent inoculation has previously been documented. A thorough investigation
of a full-scale drinking water biofilter was carried out over 10 weeks of
start-up. The many spatial and temporal changes taking place during start-up
were documented using a holistic approach. In addition to collection of many
samples over time (frequency) and space (filter depth), this study entailed
the use of multiple sample media (water, backwash water and filter media) and
multiple types of analyses (physical, chemical and microbiological). The
decrease in filter effluent concentrations of individual substances to
compliance levels followed a specific order that was shown to coincide with
the spatiotemporal development of bacteria on the filter media. Due to the
abiotic nature of the iron removal process, iron disappears at the earliest
in the start-up period followed by substances that require growth of
microorganisms. Ammonium disappears next, with nitrite appearing briefly near
the end of ammonium removal, followed by manganese. The thorough overall
picture obtained by these efforts provides guidance for optimization and
monitoring of the start-up. Guidance for optimization includes shortening the
start-up by focusing on kick-starting the ammonium removal; limiting the
monitoring burden (at-line measurements of ammonium in finished water
supplemented with manual manganese measurements when ammonium removal is
complete); and improving filter design by isolating the removal processes in
separate, smaller filters.