Migration and risk of psychosis in the Canadian context

Kirkbride, James; Hollander, Anna-Clara

doi:10.1503/cmaj.150494

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Increased odds of psychotic disorders in ethnic minority groups are consistent with existing literature (Anderson, Cheng, Susser, McKenzie, & Kurdyak, 2015;Bourque et al, 2011;Kirkbride et al, 2012;Selten et al, 2020), particularly for people with black and mixed ethnic backgrounds (Kirkbride et al, 2012;Selten et al, 2019). Literature on the North African group is mixed, with strong evidence of increased incidence in Moroccan groups in the Netherlands (Veling et al, 2006), although not France (Tortelli et al, 2014).…”

Section: Psychological Medicinesupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Participants were recruited in 17 centres in England, the Netherlands, Spain, France, Italy and Brazil, between 2010and 2015(Jongsma et al, 2018. All persons aged 18-64 years who made contact with mental health services for a probable firstepisode of psychosis (FEP) were invited to participate via their mental healthcare provider.…”

Section: Study Design and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social disadvantage, linguistic distance, ethnic minority status and first-episode psychosis: results from the EU-GEI case–control study

et al. 2020

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Background Ethnic minority groups in Western countries face an increased risk of psychotic disorders. Causes of this long-standing public health inequality remain poorly understood. We investigated whether social disadvantage, linguistic distance and discrimination contributed to these patterns. Methods We used case–control data from the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study, carried out in 16 centres in six countries. We recruited 1130 cases and 1497 population-based controls. Our main outcome measure was first-episode ICD-10 psychotic disorder (F20–F33), and exposures were ethnicity (white majority, black, mixed, Asian, North-African, white minority and other), generational status, social disadvantage, linguistic distance and discrimination. Age, sex, paternal age, cannabis use, childhood trauma and parental history of psychosis were included as a priori confounders. Exposures and confounders were added sequentially to multivariable logistic models, following multiple imputation for missing data. Results Participants from any ethnic minority background had crude excess odds of psychosis [odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.69–2.43], which remained after adjustment for confounders (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.31–1.98). This was progressively attenuated following further adjustment for social disadvantage (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.22–1.89) and linguistic distance (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.95–1.57), a pattern mirrored in several specific ethnic groups. Linguistic distance and social disadvantage had stronger effects for first- and later-generation groups, respectively. Conclusion Social disadvantage and linguistic distance, two potential markers of sociocultural exclusion, were associated with increased odds of psychotic disorder, and adjusting for these led to equivocal risk between several ethnic minority groups and the white majority.

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Section: Psychological Medicinesupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Study Design and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social disadvantage, linguistic distance, ethnic minority status and first-episode psychosis: results from the EU-GEI case–control study

et al. 2020

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“…Some of the earliest evidence for this came from the seminal work of Ørnulv Ødegaard, who showed that migrant status was a risk factor for psychosis among Norwegians emigrating to Minnesota in the USA in the 1930s [60]. This finding has since been replicated, and extended to the descendants of migrants, in numerous settings [28,29,60,82,83,84,85,86,87], including the UK [26,88,89], Sweden [90,91,92], Denmark [82,84], the Netherlands [93], the USA [94], Canada [86,95], and Israel [96]. The AESOP study in the UK found that ethnic minority groups were at increased risk for all psychotic disorders, with black Caribbean and African groups at highest risk [97].…”

Section: Psychotic Disordersmentioning

confidence: 97%

The epidemiological burden of major psychiatric disorders

Dykxhoorn¹,

Kirkbride²

2018

Oxford Textbook of Public Mental Health

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Psychiatric disorders, including common mental disorders, schizophrenia, and suicide, contribute substantially to the global burden of disease in terms of both morbidity and premature mortality, making them an important issue for public mental health. Epidemiological tools quantifying the burden of psychiatric disorders are important in furthering our understanding of psychiatric disorders and informing decision-making. In this chapter, we review major epidemiological studies from the past 30 years of psychiatric epidemiology to provide an overview of the burden of common mental disorders (depression and anxiety), psychotic disorders (schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders), and suicide. We also describe how the incidence and prevalence of these disorder vary by person and place, with a particular focus on the patterns of psychiatric disorders by ethnicity. Finally, we discuss the challenge of applying epidemiological evidence to public health, highlighting key issues facing public health professionals, researchers, and policymakers working in public mental health.

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“…Tarricone et al (2016) demonstrated incidence rate ratios (IRR) of 1.93 for internal migrants and 1.79 for external migrants compared with controls. Suggested mechanisms for this association include the increased stress of adapting to a new social environment and the experience of prejudice or discrimination, as well as the stress inherent in migration itself (Kirkbride 2015; Tarricone 2016). Tarricone et al (2016) demonstrated in migrants higher levels of being single/not in a relationship, living alone and cannabis use, which could in themselves contribute to increased risk.…”

Section: Social Environment and Psychologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychosis risk timeline: can we improve our preventive strategies? Part 2: adolescence and adulthood

et al. 2019

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SUMMARYCurrent understanding of psychosis development is relevant to patients' clinical outcomes in mental health services as a whole, given that psychotic symptoms can be a feature of many different diagnoses at different stages of life. Understanding the risk factors helps clinicians to contemplate primary, secondary and tertiary preventive strategies that it may be possible to implement. In this second article of a three-part series, the psychosis risk timeline is again considered, here focusing on risk factors more likely to be encountered during later childhood, adolescence and adulthood. These include environmental factors, substance misuse, and social and psychopathological aspects.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:After reading this article you will be able to: •understanding the range of risk factors for development of psychotic symptoms in young people and adults•understand in particular the association between trauma/abuse and subsequent psychosis•appreciate current evidence for the nature and strength of the link between substance misuse and psychosis.DECLARATION OF INTEREST:None.

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Migration and risk of psychosis in the Canadian context

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Social disadvantage, linguistic distance, ethnic minority status and first-episode psychosis: results from the EU-GEI case–control study

Social disadvantage, linguistic distance, ethnic minority status and first-episode psychosis: results from the EU-GEI case–control study

The epidemiological burden of major psychiatric disorders

The psychosis risk timeline: can we improve our preventive strategies? Part 2: adolescence and adulthood

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