Migration, Development, Gender and the ‘Black Box’ of Remittances: Comparative Findings from Albania and Ecuador

King, Russell; Mata‐Codesal, Diana; Vullnetari, Julie

doi:10.5117/cms2013.1.king

Cited by 37 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In accordance with previous studies conducted in Muslim Arabic countries (Brink, ; de Haas & van Rooij, ) and in other contexts (King, Mata‐Codesal, & Vullnerati, ), this study suggests that migration systems predicated on a patriarchal social and family order are unlikely to be conducive to sustainable women's empowerment in the origin household and community. Migration and remitting practices are fundamentally shaped by prevailing gender and generational structures in Morocco, and their potential to challenge those structures is therefore very limited.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

The “three ages” of left‐behind Moroccan wives: Status, decision‐making power, and access to resources

Lenoël

2017

Population Space and Place

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The migration and development literature increasingly interrogates the effects of emigration on sociocultural change in the countries of origin, especially in relation to gender relations. Various studies conducted in the context of patriarchal societies have posited that male emigration may result in an empowerment of the women staying behind, with very mixed conclusions. Analysing in‐depth interviews with 12 women living in a southwestern Moroccan town in a region of historic emigration to France, this contribution seeks to further this investigation by considering how migration and remittances impact women's bargaining and decision‐making power within the household left behind. It examines how migration affects what is generally regarded as an enabling factor of women's empowerment, that is, the process of household nuclearisation through which migrants' wives can emancipate themselves from the control of their in‐laws and gain more control over finances. It shows how women's power and status change over time, following the important stages of the domestic cycle and the migratory trajectory of their husbands. This paper distinguishes three “ages” for wives left behind, corresponding to different power configurations in the local and transnational households. In contrast with the empowerment hypothesis, the interviews suggest that migration may actually contribute to the resilience of the traditional extended household structure rather than its demise. Overall, this contribution argues that migration systems predicated on a patriarchal social and family order are unlikely to bring about sustainable women's empowerment in the origin household and community.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

The “three ages” of left‐behind Moroccan wives: Status, decision‐making power, and access to resources

Lenoël

2017

Population Space and Place

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“…During the same period, only nine such articles were registered in anthropology. 5 Exceptions include Abrego (2009), Akesson (2009), Burman (2002, Cliggett (2003Cliggett ( , 2005, Eckstein (2006,2010), , Horst (2008b), Kankonde Bukasa (2010), Lindley (2010), McKay (2007), McKenzie and Menj ıvar (2011), Thai (2006Thai ( , 2014, Vullnetari and King (2011). remittances has, since the 1980s, focused on the role of information and social interactions in explaining transfer behaviour (Rapoport and Docquier, 2006). The frame of analysis has typically been the dyad consisting of the migrant and the household of origin.…”

Section: Studying Remittancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scripting Remittances: Making Sense of Money Transfers in Transnational Relationships

Carling

2014

International Migration Review

144

159

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This article proposes a conceptual framework for studying remittances as social transactions that can take a number of different forms. For the past three decades, the dominant framework for understanding remittance relationships has been the continuum of senders' motives from altruism to self-interest. This approach has its roots in economics and has shaped much of the quantitative research on remittances. In parallel, a growing body of ethnographic research has examined transnational money transfers with perspectives and data that differ from those of economists. The insights from these ethnographic studies are valuable, but remain fragmented and marginal in research on remittances. Two key points emerge from the ethnographic literature: Remittances are at the core of composite transactions with material, emotional, and relational elements, and there is great variation in the nature and logic of these transactions. The framework proposed here is designed to engage with both complexity and variation. It systematically draws upon a large body of ethnographic literature and introduces remittance scripts as an analytical tool.

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“…The locational advantages and the early development of international migrant networks in cities attracted men from rural areas to engage in step-wise movements toward foreign countries. Permanent resettlement of families in urban areas also rested on J-shaped residence trajectories which aimed to accumulate savings abroad (Caro 2011; King and Vullnetari 2003; Labrianidis and Kazazi 2006; Vullnetari 2012a). Thus, urbanization in the 1990s was to a certain extent independent of the cities’ economic fortunes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantitative research in Albania has already documented the gendered patterns of mobility (INSTAT 2004a, 2014a; Stecklov et al 2010), and migrants’ narratives have highlighted significant interlinkages between internal and international flows (Caro 2011; King and Vullnetari 2003; Vullnetari 2012a). The analyses here investigate how these mediating factors interplay to shape the diffusion of migration across the urban hierarchy.…”

Section: The Mobility Transition and Its Mediating Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal and International Migration Across the Urban Hierarchy in Albania

Lerch

2016

Popul Res Policy Rev

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The interactions between the processes of urbanization and international migration in less developed and transition countries have important repercussions for socioeconomic development, but are not well understood. Based on the retrospective data from the Albanian Living Standards Measurement Survey 2008, we first assess the geography of migration in terms of the rural–urban continuum, the urban hierarchy and the outside world since 1990. We then investigate the spatio-temporal diffusion of rural-to-urban and international movements using survival models. Results reveal an immediate onset of large-scale rural exodus, despite the post-communist crisis. Internal migrants mainly moved to the capital, bypassing secondary cities, and were predominantly female. Initially, international migrants were primarily men who tended to originate from the main urban agglomerations. The diffusion of opportunities to emigrate down the urban hierarchy and across the sexes then redirected the rural exodus abroad, despite domestic economic development. This evolution in population mobility is related to the gendered patterns and interlinkages of the two flows, as well as to rising inequalities within the urban hierarchy.

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Migration, Development, Gender and the ‘Black Box’ of Remittances: Comparative Findings from Albania and Ecuador

Cited by 37 publications

References 34 publications

The “three ages” of left‐behind Moroccan wives: Status, decision‐making power, and access to resources

The “three ages” of left‐behind Moroccan wives: Status, decision‐making power, and access to resources

Scripting Remittances: Making Sense of Money Transfers in Transnational Relationships

Internal and International Migration Across the Urban Hierarchy in Albania

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