Migration, growth, and morphogenesis of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea)

Abstract

Larvae of Dracunculus insignis developed to the infective stage in experimentally infected Cyclops vernalis and C. bicuspidatus thomasi kept at 24 C. The first molt occurred at 8–9 days and the second at 13–16 days. Second- and third-stage larvae are briefly described. Infective larvae were administered to raccoon (Procyon lotor) and mink (Mustela vison) and necropsies were performed at predetermined intervals for the determination of the migratory route. In raccoon, third-stage larvae were recovered from the gut wall and mesentery of the abdominal cavity on the 1st day. Larvae were found in the intercostal muscles by the 5th day and in the subcutaneous tissue of the thorax and abdomen by the 7th day. Development to fourth stage was complete by the 19th day. Sexual differences were apparent by the 34th day and worms were present in subcutaneous tissue of the thorax, abdomen, and inguinal region. Male worms were mature at 60 days and females at 65–70 days. Larvigerous females were found in the extremities as early as 120 days post infection. The prepatent period was 354 (309–410) days. Similar results were obtained from mink. Quantitative data on the distribution of worms in various locations within the final host at different times after infection are included.

The wild world of Guinea Worms: A review of the genus Dracunculus in wildlife

“…Susceptibility can vary as Mesocyclops leuckarti leuckarti from Pakistan and Thermocyclops emini from Cameroon were partially refractory to infection ( Sullivan et al, 1991 ). Dracunculus insignis larvae develop to L3 in 21–25 days at 24 °C ( Crichton and Beverley-Burton, 1975 ). As noted earlier, development is regulated by water temperature and infected copepods kept at 8 °C and 15 °C showed no development 60 days post infection (DPI) ( Crichton and Beverley-Burton, 1975 ).…”

“…Dracunculus insignis larvae develop to L3 in 21–25 days at 24 °C ( Crichton and Beverley-Burton, 1975 ). As noted earlier, development is regulated by water temperature and infected copepods kept at 8 °C and 15 °C showed no development 60 days post infection (DPI) ( Crichton and Beverley-Burton, 1975 ).…”

“…However, there was differential mortality among different copepods species following infection with D. medinensis suggesting some copepod species are better intermediate hosts than others ( Bimi et al, 2005 ). Once L1s are consumed by copepods they develop to the infective third stage larvae (L3) ( Fedchenko, 1871 ; Crichton and Beverley-Burton, 1975 ). Dracunculus medinensis and D. insignis L1 molt to L3 within 21–25 days at 24 °C ( Fedchenko, 1871 ; Crichton and Beverley-Burton, 1975 ).…”

“…Once L1s are consumed by copepods they develop to the infective third stage larvae (L3) ( Fedchenko, 1871 ; Crichton and Beverley-Burton, 1975 ). Dracunculus medinensis and D. insignis L1 molt to L3 within 21–25 days at 24 °C ( Fedchenko, 1871 ; Crichton and Beverley-Burton, 1975 ).…”

“…Tails are generally conical with a sharply pointed tip. Males have either equal or subequal spicules and most species have a gubernaculum ( Brackett, 1938 ; Chandler, 1942a ; Crichton and Beverly-Burton, 1975 ; Cairncross et al, 2002 ; Moravec and Little, 2004 ).…”