Migration of 137Cs and 134Cs in different forest soil layers

Rühm, W.; Kammerer, L.; Hiersche, L.; Wirth, E.

doi:10.1016/0265-931x(95)00069-m

Cited by 48 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…For comparison, samples of a berry plant were also sampled. Further details of sampling methods in Germany are given elsewhere [10,11].…”

Section: Sampling and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stable elements - as a key to predict radionuclide transport in forest ecosystems

Yoshida¹,

Muramatsu²,

Steiner

et al. 2002

Radioprotection

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Abstract. As the chemical behavior of radiocesium is expected to be almost identical to that of stable Cs, analyses of stable Cs and related stable elements should be useful to understand the long-term behavior of radiocesium and its equilibrium distribution in forest ecosystems. In this study, the concentrations of stable Cs and related alkali and alkaline earth elements in mushrooms, plants and soils were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Samples were collected in forests with different contamination levels in Japan. Germany, Finland, Italy, Ireland and Belarus. Vertical distributions in soils, and concentrations in mushrooms and plants were summarized for radiocesium and related stable elements. Relationship between radiocesium and stable Cs in mushrooms and plants, and transfer from soil to vegetation were also discussed. The results indicated that the ratio between radiocesium and stable Cs is useful for judging the equilibrium of deposited radiocesium in different parts of a forest ecosystem. The stable Cs analyses might be also useful to predict the long-term radiocesium contamination of mushrooms and plants.

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“…For comparison, samples of a berry plant were also sampled. Further details of sampling methods in Germany are given elsewhere [10,11].…”

Section: Sampling and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Details for the radiocesium determination have been described by Muramatsu et al [12] and Riihmetal. [10,11].…”

Section: Sampling and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable elements - as a key to predict radionuclide transport in forest ecosystems

Yoshida¹,

Muramatsu²,

Steiner

et al. 2002

Radioprotection

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“…Most of them were performed in the 1970s and 1980s, in forest as well as in grassland soils (e.g., [3][4][5][6][7]). Later, after deposition of the Chernobyl fallout, it was possible to compare the migration behavior of 137 Cs from both sources (Chernobyl and global fallout) in the soil [8][9][10][11][12][13]. These results were, however, conflicting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Variability of water content and of depth profiles of global fallout 137 Cs in grassland soils and the resulting external gamma-dose rates

Schimmack¹,

Steindl

Bunzl³

1998

Radiation and Environmental Biophysics

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137Cs from global fallout of nuclear weapon testings in the 1950s and 1960s was determined in successive layers (0-30 cm) of eight undisturbed grassland soils in Bavaria, Germany. The maximum activity concentration was found in soil layers between 4 and 15 cm below the surface. Using the vertical distribution of the cesium activity, which varied considerably from site to site, the mean residence half-time of 137Cs from global fallout in each soil layer was evaluated with a compartment model. These values ranged from 1.0 to 6.3 years/cm. The mean residence half-time averaged over all soil layers and all sites was 2.7 +/- 1.4 years/cm and, thus, about twice the corresponding residence half-time of the Chernobyl-derived 137Cs as determined in the same soil layers (also in 1993). The dose rate of the external gamma-radiation due to 137Cs from global fallout in the soil determined from the depth distributions varied between 0.34 and 0.57 (mean: 0.45 +/- 0.07) nGy/h per kBq/m2. The effect of soil water content on the dose rate was studied by considering four states of the soil, from water content zero to complete water saturation of the total pore volume. It was shown that the difference between the dose rates at the permanent wilting point and the field capacity, which both represent the most relevant water contents of soils, was only 10% of the dose rate at the permanent wilting point for all sites.

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“…The estimated ecological half-life for 137 Cs in German forest soils is 2.8±0.5 yrs for the L horizon and 7.7±4.9 yrs for the Ah horizon (Rühm et al, 1996). 90 Sr concentrations in the Black Sea had dropped to pre-Chernobyl levels by 1994, and 137 Cs is predicted to reach pre-accident levels by 2025-2030(Kanivets et al, 1999.…”

Section: Short-term Behavior Of Radionuclides In the Environment -Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potassium competes more effectively than calcium or magnesium. Since cesium is rapidly and strongly sorbed by soil and sediment particles, it does not migrate downward rapidly through soil profiles, especially forest soils (Bergman, 1994;Rühm et al, 1996;Panin et al, 2001). Estimated downward migration rates for cesium released by the Chernobyl accident are on the order of 0.2 to 2 cm yr -1 in soils in Bohemia (Hölgye and Malý, 2000), Russia (Sokolik et al, 2001), and Sweden (Rosén et al, 1999;Isaksson et al, 2001).…”

Section: Csmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Geochemistry of Radioactive Contamination

Siegel

Bryan

2003

Treatise on Geochemistry

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This report attempts to describe the geochemical foundations of the behavior of radionuclides in the environment. The information is obtained and applied in three interacting spheres of inquiry and analysis: 1) experimental studies and theoretical calculations, 2) field studies of contaminated and natural analog sites and 3) model predictions of radionuclide behavior in remediation and waste disposal. Analyses of the risks from radioactive contamination require estimation of the rates of release and dispersion of the radionuclides through potential exposure pathways. These processes are controlled by solubility, speciation, sorption, and colloidal transport, which are strong functions of the compositions of the groundwater and geomedia as well as the atomic structure of the radionuclides.The chemistry of the fission products is relatively simple compared to the actinides. Because of their relatively short half-lives, fission products account for a large fraction of the radioactivity in nuclear waste for the first several hundred years but do not represent a long-term hazard in the environment. The chemistry of the longer-lived actinides is complex; however, some trends in their behavior can be described. Actinide elements of a given oxidation state have either similar or systematically varying chemical properties due to similarities in ionic size, coordination number, valence, and electron structure. In dilute aqueous systems at neutral to basic pH, the dominant actinide species are hydroxy-and carbonato-complexes, and the solubility-limiting solid phases are commonly oxides, hydroxides or carbonates. In general, actinide sorption will decrease in the presence of ligands that complex with the radionuclide; sorption of the (IV) species of actinides (Np, Pu, U) is generally greater than of the (V) species.The geochemistry of key radionuclides in three different environments is described in this report. These include: 1) low ionic strength reducing waters from crystalline rocks at nuclear waste research 4 sites in Sweden; 2) oxic water from the J-13 well at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, the site of a proposed repository for high level nuclear waste (HLW) in tuffaceous rocks; and 3) reference brines associated with the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). The transport behaviors of radionuclides associated with the Chernobyl reactor accident and the Oklo Natural Reactor are described. These examples span wide temporal and spatial scales and include the rapid geochemical and physical processes important to nuclear reactor accidents or industrial discharges as well as the slower processes important to the geologic disposal of nuclear waste.Application of geochemical information to remediating or assessing the risk posed by radioactive contamination is the final subject of this report. After radioactive source terms have been removed, large volumes of soil and water with low but potentially hazardous levels of contamination may remain. For poorly-sorbing radionuclides, capture of contaminated water and removal of radi...

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Migration of 137Cs and 134Cs in different forest soil layers

Cited by 48 publications

References 5 publications

Stable elements - as a key to predict radionuclide transport in forest ecosystems

Stable elements - as a key to predict radionuclide transport in forest ecosystems

Variability of water content and of depth profiles of global fallout 137 Cs in grassland soils and the resulting external gamma-dose rates

Environmental Geochemistry of Radioactive Contamination

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