Migration of Ti from nano-TiO₂-polyethylene composite packaging into food simulants

Abstract

An analytical method based on ICP-MS was developed for the determination of Ti in food simulants (3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid and 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol). The method was used to determine the migration of Ti from nano-TiO₂-PE films used for food packaging into food simulants under different temperature and migration time conditions. The maximum migration amounts into 3% (w/v) aqueous acetic acid were 1.4 ± 0.02, 6.3 ± 0.5 and 12.1 ± 0.2 μg kg(-1) at 25, 70 and 100°C, respectively, while into 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, the maximum migration amounts were 0.5 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.03 and 2.1 ± 0.1 μg kg(-1) at 25, 70 and 100°C, respectively. Increasing the additive content in the film promoted migration of nanoparticles. The results indicated that the migration of nanoparticles might occur via dissolution from the surface and cut edges of the solid phase (film) into the liquid phase (food simulant).

Effective method for the synthesis of pimelic acid/TiO2 nanoparticles with a high capacity to nucleate β-crystals in isotactic polypropylene nanocomposites

“…Furthermore, an analysis by the computer software was used to estimate the roughness values of the samples, which are shown in Table 2. In this table, it can be observed that the neat iPP had the lowest roughness compared with the nanocomposites, which is because only iPP chains are present in the bulk and those have a highly elastic behavior [40]. However, for the composites containing non-functional titanium dioxide (iPP/TiO 2 ), the incompatibility of TiO 2 particles with the iPP matrix becomes evident from the topographical image; the protruding reliefs are attributed to oxide particles that migrate to the material surface by exclusion when the iPP matrix crystallized [40,41].…”

“…In this table, it can be observed that the neat iPP had the lowest roughness compared with the nanocomposites, which is because only iPP chains are present in the bulk and those have a highly elastic behavior [40]. However, for the composites containing non-functional titanium dioxide (iPP/TiO 2 ), the incompatibility of TiO 2 particles with the iPP matrix becomes evident from the topographical image; the protruding reliefs are attributed to oxide particles that migrate to the material surface by exclusion when the iPP matrix crystallized [40,41]. In contrast with these observations, the iPP/TiO 2 -PA sample had a homogeneous surface that indicates a favorable dispersion that could prevent cluster formation at the surface level and a better integration into the polymer matrix.…”

Inorganic Contaminants of Food as a Function of Packaging Features

“…In detail, researchers have found that the maximum migration amounts into 3 % (w/v) aqueous acetic acid were 12.1 ± 0.2 μg/kg at 100 °C (the highest thermal values). On the other hand, maximum migration values of Ti were 2.1 ± 0.1 μg/kg into 50 % (v/v) aqueous ethanol [37]. Briefly, researchers have revealed that the increase of additive contents in films may promote the migration of nanoparticles.…”

“…Briefly, researchers have revealed that the increase of additive contents in films may promote the migration of nanoparticles. In addition, nanoparticles appear to migrate via dissolution from the surface of films into the liquid phase (food simulant) [37].…”

“…For example, a new analytical method based on ICP-MS has been developed with the aim of determining the migration of titanium from nano-titanium dioxide-PE films used for food packaging into food simulants under different temperature and migration time conditions [37]. In detail, researchers have found that the maximum migration amounts into 3 % (w/v) aqueous acetic acid were 12.1 ± 0.2 μg/kg at 100 °C (the highest thermal values).…”