Migration of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and additives into PVC bottled drinking water

Inter- and intra-ethnic variation in water intake, contact, and source estimates among Tucson residents: Implications for exposure analysis

“…Wide distribution, source uncertainty, and inconsistent regulation of bottled water would likely inhibit toxicological and exposure studies among this population. However, some studies have overcome these barriers (Allen et al, 1991;Fayad et al, 1997;Lalumandier, 2000;McSwane et al, 1994;Natural Resources Defense Council, 1999;Page et al, 1993 ). In addition, there may be some impetus for examining the differential impact if any of bottled versus tap water on reproductive outcomes (Kallen and Robert, 2000;Magnus et al, 1999;Swan and Waller, 1998 ).…”

“…Bottled water ingestion is often thought to be protective (Leach et al, 1999 ). However, there is a growing body of literature suggesting that the quality of bottled water is suspect ( Allen et al, 1991;Fayad et al, 1997;Lalumandier, 2000;McSwane et al, 1994;Natural Resources Defense Council, 1999;Page et al, 1993 ). Other studies raise concerns about the health effects of chlorinated tap water, particularly in the area of reproductive outcomes (Kallen and Robert, 2000; Magnus et al, 1999;Nieuwenhuijsen et al, 2000;Swan and Waller, 1998;Swan et al, 1988 ).…”

Survey of Bottled Drinking Water Available in Manitoba, Canada

“…Materials used in filtering and processing may contribute asbestos (21). Organic compounds such as toluene, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, pentane, benzene, phthalate esters, and others with tumorinducing properties may leach from plastic packaging, polystyrene cap liners, or unknown sources (22,23). Leaching of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds from packaging materials into the water has been shown to increase with length of storage time, temperature, and exposure to sunlight (23).…”

PVC (polyvinyl chloride)

“…Fayad et al (1997) found a range of hydrocarbon additives in bottled water sold in PVC bottles in Saudi Arabia. Plasticisers, which may make up 40% of a product, are widely known to leach (see also below), but other compounds too may be released.…”