“…Moreover, two V 4+ peaks at 516.6 eV (2p 3/2 ) and 523.5 eV (2p 1/2 ) are indicated in the fitted high-resolution XPS spectrum of V 2p. 32,33 The existence of V 4+ indicates that V 2 O 5 possesses mixed vanadium valence, which makes V 2 O 5 cathode exhibit lower polarization, higher electrochemical activity, and faster ion diffusion. 23,34,35 In order to obtain the electrochemical performance of V 2 O 5 as a cathode, the CR2025 cells were assembled with a V 2 O 5 cathode, zinc foil anode, and 3 M Zn(CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 electrolyte.…”