Mild reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant: First case report from Indonesia

Abstract

BackgroundReinfection with SARS-CoV-2 has been well documented, yet little is known about the degree of protection a previous infection provides against reinfection, especially against Variants of Concern (VOC).Case presentationHere we describe a case of an unvaccinated 49-year-old man who experienced two sequential SARS-CoV-2 infections with two different variants, as evidenced by genomic sequencing. The first episode was caused by the Pango lineage B.1.466.2 and resulted in severe COVID-19 with 5 days in an intensive care unit (ICU). The second episode occurred approximately 6 months later, during the Delta surge in Indonesia. Genomic analysis showed that the second infection was caused by the Delta variant (Pango lineage B.1.617.2) and resulted in mild disease that did not require hospitalization. No SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was detected between the two episodes, but both binding and neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected prior to the reinfection, with the second infection leading to an increase in the levels of antibody.ConclusionWe confirmed that the patient experienced a reinfection instead of persistent viral shedding from the first infection based on epidemiological, clinical, serological, and genomic analyses. Our case supports the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 reinfection may occur once antibody titers decrease or following the emergence of a new variant. The milder presentation in the patient’s second infection deserves further investigation to provide a clear picture of the role of post-infection immunity in altering the course of subsequent disease.

Epidemic patterns of emerging variants with dynamical social distancing

“…Since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, multiple new variants of concern (VOC) have emerged as follows [14, 15, 16, 17, 18] :…”

SARS-CoV-2 Variants Identification: Overview of Molecular Existing Methods

“…Indeed, the availability of the genomic sequence of the virus has allowed the development of many laboratory protocols, such as specific SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome amplicon based sequencing protocols and molecular test for rapid SARS-CoV-2 detection. SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing activities are used for the detection of failed vaccinations or re-infections, epidemiological surveillance, identification of new variants, contact tracing and outbreak investigation [28, [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. Moreover, the characterization of SARS-CoV-2 genome may guide some therapeutic choices, i.e., for patients who are candidates to the treatment with monoclonal antibodies [49].…”