Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency

Eastman, Creswell J

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49505-7_5

Cited by 28 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Iodine is an essential micronutrient, required in trace quantities, which is vital for the synthesis of thyroid hormones—triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) [ 7 ]. The thyroid hormones are crucial for the regulation of metabolism, growth, and neurological development [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iodine deficiency presents as a spectrum of clinical disorders termed ‘iodine deficiency disorders’ (IDD’s) which occur when recommended intakes are not achieved (150 µg day −1 ) [ 8 ]. These include hypothyroidism, goitre abnormal thyroid nodular pathology, and cretininism in infants born to mothers with a low iodine status during pregnancy and lactation [ 7 , 9 ]. Low iodine intake may be a risk factor for thyroid nodule formation, particularly in females [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iodine deficiency traditionally was assessed by monitoring the prevalence of visible goitre in populations [ 7 ]. After the development of newer methods for measuring iodine status, it was recognized that low-level deficiency may be present in industrialised populations not displaying obvious thyroid enlargement [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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Vegan and vegetarian diets are becoming increasingly popular. Dietary restrictions may increase the risk of iodine deficiency. This systematic review aims to assess iodine intake and status in adults following a vegan or vegetarian diet in industrialised countries. A systematic review and quality assessment were conducted in the period May 2019–April 2020 according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were identified in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and secondary sources. Fifteen articles met inclusion criteria. Participants included 127,094 adults (aged ≥ 18 years). Vegan groups presented the lowest median urinary iodine concentrations, followed by vegetarians, and did not achieve optimal status. The highest iodine intakes were recorded in female vegans (1448.0 ± 3879.0 µg day−1) and the lowest in vegetarians (15.6 ± 21.0 µg day−1). Omnivores recorded the greatest intake in 83% of studies. Seaweed contributed largely to diets of vegans with excessive iodine intake. Vegans appear to have increased risk of low iodine status, deficiency and inadequate intake compared with adults following less restrictive diets. Adults following vegan and vegetarian diets living in countries with a high prevalence of deficiency may be more vulnerable. Therefore, further monitoring of iodine status in industrialised countries and research into improving the iodine intake and status of adults following vegan and vegetarian diets is required.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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“…This issue is of great concern, particularly with respect to populations living in mountainous areas (Andersson et al ). Currently, 75% of households in the world have access to iodized salt (Eastman and Zimmermann ) and ID now concerns only 19 countries in the world (Iodine Global Network (); http://www.ign.org/scorecard.htm).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic iodine supply affects tomato plants differently than inorganic iodine

Halka

Klimek-Chodacka

Smoleń

et al. 2018

Physiologia Plantarum

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Iodine is a beneficial element for humans but very lowly represented in our diet. Iodine-enriched vegetables could boost the iodine content in the food chain. Despite being a beneficial element for plants, little is known about the effect of different iodine forms on plant growth. This work analyses the effect of uptake of mineral (KI) and organoiodine (5-iodosalicylic acid, 5-ISA; 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, 3,5-di-ISA; 2-iodobenzoic acid, 2-IBeA; 4-iodobenzoic acid, 4-IBeA) compounds on tomato plants at an early stage of vegetative growth. As many organoiodine compounds are derived from salicylic (SA) and benzoic acids (BeA), treatments with I, SA and BeA in various treatments were realized and the influence of tested compounds on plant growth was analyzed. Iodine content was measured, as well as expression of key genes involved in I and SA metabolism. Organoiodine compounds accumulated mainly in roots whereas iodine accumulated in the upper parts when given as KI. The shoot system had 5, 12 and 25 times higher iodine content after KI treatment than after 4-IBeA, 5-ISA and 2-IBeA, or 3,5-diISA treatments, respectively. A toxic effect on plants was observed only for 3,5-diISA and 4-IBeA. The expression levels of a gene related to iodine metabolism (HMT, halide ion methylotransferase), a gene responsible for SA methylation in leaves (SAMT) and a gene related to SA catabolism (S3H, salicylic acid 3-hydroxylase) were modified differently depending on the iodine source. Overall, our data point out to a difference in plant uptake, transport of iodine in tomato plants based on the form of iodine compound.

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“…Newborn TSH, obtained from heel blood samples collected 3 to 4 days after birth, is also a sensitive indicator of iodine deficiency in pregnancy [9, 10]. This work is part of the Beijing Neonatal Disease Screening Center.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of median urinary iodine concentration cut-off for defining iodine deficiency in pregnant women after a long term USI in China

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2019

Nutr Metab (Lond)

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Background The WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD define iodine deficiency during pregnancy as median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) ≤ 150 μg/L. China implemented universal salt iodization (USI) in 1995, and recent surveillance showed nationwide elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Data from 2014 showed that the MUIC in 19,500 pregnant women was 154.6 μg/L and 145 μg/L in 9000 pregnant women in 2015. However, symptoms of iodine deficiency were absent. Our study sought to evaluate whether MUIC below 150 μg/L affects thyroid function of Chinese pregnant women and their newborns in Chinese context. Methods We screened 103 women with normal thyroid function and MUIC lower than 150 μg/L during week 6 of pregnancy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Patient demographics and dietary salt intake were recorded. Subjects were followed at 12, 24, and 32 gestational weeks. At each visit, a 3-day dietary record, drinking water samples, and edible salt samples were collected and analyzed for total dietary iodine intake. Additionally, 24-h urine iodine and creatinine were measured. Blood tests assessed thyroid function in both mothers and newborns. Results Of 103 pregnant women enrolled, 79 completed all follow-up visits. Most subjects maintained normal thyroid function throughout pregnancy. However, 19 had thyroid dysfunction based on thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels. The median serum iodine was 71 μg/L (95% CI: 44, 109). The median thyroglobulin was < 13 μg/L. values above this level indicate iodine deficiency in pregnant women. The median dietary iodine intake during pregnancy, derived from the 3-day record and measures of water and salt, was 231.17 μg/d. Assuming 90% urinary iodine excretion (UIE), 200.11 μg/d UIE means the 222.34 μg iodine loss per day, suggesting that subjects had a positive iodine balance throughout pregnancy. All neonatal blood samples showed TSH levels lower than 10 mIU/L, indicating normal thyroid function. No significant difference was found among gestational weeks for urinary iodine, and the MUIC in subjects who completed 3 follow-up visits was 107.41 μg/L. Conclusion Twenty years after implementing USI, expectant Chinese mothers with MUIC of 107.4 μg/L, less than the WHO’s 150 μg/L benchmark, maintained thyroid function in both themselves and their newborn babies.

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Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency

Cited by 28 publications

References 40 publications

Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? A Systematic Review

Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores: How Does Dietary Choice Influence Iodine Intake? A Systematic Review

Organic iodine supply affects tomato plants differently than inorganic iodine

Evaluation of median urinary iodine concentration cut-off for defining iodine deficiency in pregnant women after a long term USI in China

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