Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency in Early Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Verbal IQ in Children

Pearce, Elizabeth N.

doi:10.1089/ct.2019;31.195-197

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…This notion that mild-to-moderate GID selectively affects verbal IQ was also identified in a recent meta-analysis [35,36] based on data from three European pregnancy cohorts: Generation R in the Netherlands [37], the INfancia y Medio Ambiente Project (INMA) in Spain [38] and the already discussed ALSPAC study [21]. Summarizing this meta-analysis, it was reported that lower urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratios up to week 14 of gestation were associated with poorer verbal IQ scores (mean 6 IQ points difference across the three cohort studies), but there was no association of maternal iodine status with children’s non-verbal IQ scores.…”

Section: The Avon Longitudinal Study Of Parents and Children (Alspmentioning

confidence: 53%

Mild-to-Moderate Gestational Iodine Deficiency Processing Disorder

2019

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This synopsis paper aims to identify if a common pattern of learning and social difficulties can be conceptualized across recent longitudinal studies investigating the influence of mild-to-moderate gestational iodine deficiency (GID) on offspring’s optimal cognitive and psycho-social development. The main studies investigated are: The Southampton Women’s Study (SWS)—United Kingdom; the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)—United Kingdom; the Gestational Iodine Cohort Longitudinal Study—Tasmania, Australia, and the Danish National Birth Cohort Case-Control Study—Denmark. In contrast to severe GID where there is a global negative impact on neurodevelopment, mild-to-moderate intrauterine iodine deficiency has subtler, but nonetheless important, permanent cognitive and psycho-social consequences on the offspring. This paper links the results from each study and maintains that mild-to-moderate GID is associated with a disorder that is characterized by speed of neural transmitting difficulties that are typically associated with working memory capacity difficulties and attention and response inhibition. The authors maintain that this disorder is better identified as Gestational Iodine Deficiency Processing Disorder (GIDPD), rather than, what to date has often been identified as ‘suboptimal development’. The Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), language and literacy disorders (learning disabilities and dyslexia) are the main manifestations associated with GIDPD. GIDPD is identified on IQ measures, but selectively and mainly on verbal reasoning IQ subtests, with individuals with GIDPD still operating within the ‘normal’ full-scale IQ range. Greater consideration needs to be given by public health professionals, policy makers and educators about the important and preventable consequences of GID. Specifically, more emphasis should be placed on adequate iodine intake in women prior to pregnancy, as well as during pregnancy and when lactating. Secondly, researchers and others need to further extend, refine and clarify whether GIDPD, as a nosological (medical classification) entity, is a valid disorder and concept for consideration.

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Section: The Avon Longitudinal Study Of Parents and Children (Alspmentioning

confidence: 53%

Mild-to-Moderate Gestational Iodine Deficiency Processing Disorder

2019

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“…Since thyroid hormone (TH) is involved early first trimester fetal brain development including the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neuronal cells [7][8][9], it is expected that developmental neuronal defects cannot be totally reversed postnatally. These irreversible changes can impact on child IQ, cognitive and motor measures [2,5,[13][14][15][16]. Children affected may present reduced socio-educational achievement [17,18], greater risk of autistic trait [14], and more ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) symptoms [19].…”

Section: Current Neonatal Screening Of Thyroid Function and Chtmentioning

confidence: 99%

W-Compound can be used as a Biomarker for Fetal Thyroid Function and a Potential Tool for Screening Congenital Hypothyroidism

2022

JED

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Sulfoconjugation is the major pathway for thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism, converting T4 to inactive metabolites, T4S, rT3S, and T3S in fetus, via sulfotransferases (SULT) and type 3 deiodinase in gestation. Consistent with high production rate of T4S and rT3S, there are high serum sulfated iodothyronine analogs, including T4S, T3S, rT3S, and 3,3’-T2S (T2S), in ovine and human fetal and preterm infants. Fetal TH metabolic pathways predict T2S as the major TH metabolite in the fetus. Since maternal T2S appears to be quantitatively derived from fetal T3 (the active TH), the amount of T2S in the maternal compartment correlates with fetal thyroid function in sheep. In humans, maternal serum contains high levels of radioimmunoassayable T2S; however, it displays as a peak adjacent to but unidentical to synthetic T2S on HLPC and we named it the W-Compound. Levels of W-Compound increase during pregnancy and peak as high as 20-fold to that of nonpregnant women. Maternal serum levels of W-Compound significantly correlate with fetal T4 and W-compound concentrations but not maternal serum T4 in euthyroid or hyperthyroid women, showing a distinct difference between fetal and maternal in TH metabolism. Fetal T2S is actively transferred to the mother via placenta and the quantity of T2S or its metabolite (W-Compound) in maternal compartment reflects fetal thyroid function. Thus, maternal serum W-Compound may be a biomarker for monitoring fetal thyroid function in utero, although more investigations are needed to determine if it can be used as an alternative strategy for screening/managing congenital hypothyroidism due to dysregulated thyroid hormone metabolism.

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Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency in Early Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Verbal IQ in Children

Cited by 2 publications

References 7 publications

Mild-to-Moderate Gestational Iodine Deficiency Processing Disorder

Mild-to-Moderate Gestational Iodine Deficiency Processing Disorder

W-Compound can be used as a Biomarker for Fetal Thyroid Function and a Potential Tool for Screening Congenital Hypothyroidism

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