Military, Political, Legal and Human Affairs

Østreng, Willy; Kolodkin, A.L.; Brubaker, Douglas; Jernsletten, Johnny-Leo L.

doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9409-7_5

The Natural and Societal Challenges of the Northern Sea Route 1999

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9409-7_5

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Military, Political, Legal and Human Affairs

Willy Østreng¹,

A.L. Kolodkin²,

Douglas Brubaker³

et al.

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Shipping nuclear cargo via the Northern Sea Route

Sawhill

Ragner

2002

Polar Record

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The commercial nuclear industry is considering the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as an alternative transit route for shipments of radioactive material between Europe and Japan, and as an import/export route for shipments into and out of Russia. Technologically, the NSR is a practicable route, and factors that currently make it uneconomical for most commercial cargoes do not generally apply to nuclear ones. A shorter route between Europe and Japan may reduce operating costs and could enhance the safety and security of nuclear material. Shippers are also attracted by the prospect of reducing political opposition along current routes. These advantages are offset by the cost of building specialised ships, uncertainties associated with Russia and its icebreaker fleet, and uncertainties regarding the risk and effects of a severe transport accident involving radioactive material. The likelihood of using the NSR for nuclear transport remains uncertain. Transit use is unlikely without a basis for long-term transport between Europe and east Asia. Russia's plans to expand its nuclear services industry are not dependent on using the NSR: the Arctic alternative via the port of Dudinka is only one of several suggested routes. Whether it is selected will depend upon whom Russia gains as customers and whether it provides the most convenient, cost-efficient option.

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Shipping nuclear cargo via the Northern Sea Route

Sawhill

Ragner

2002

Polar Record

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The International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP): applicable lessons learned

Østreng

2006

Polar Record

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The ecosystem-management approach laid down in the Arctic Council Marine Strategic Plan (AMSP) was not started on an empty purse. Some of the integrative (interdisciplinary) concepts of the International Northern Sea Route Programme developed during the period 1993–99 may prove useful in making the AMSP a document of operational utility and significance. The INSROP analysis was designed around two counterveiling variable: obstacles to and promoting factors of increasing navigation. These variables were applied for analysis to interactive relationships such as ice conditions and commerciality, ship design and depth conditions, sailing season and ice conditions, regional development and transit trade, environmental challenges and economic activities, military and economic activities, international ocean law and the NSR, insurance and navigation, and native cultures and navigation. The analysis of these relationships gave rise to integrative concepts like aggregated hot spots, issue-specific hot spots, cool spots, socio-biodiversity, single-value navigation, and multi-value navigation, all of which have a bearing on the realisation of the overarching aim of AMSP: to minimize the impact of navigation on the environment by integrative approaches across environmental, socio-economic, political, cultural, and other sectoral realms.

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A review of the International Northern Sea Route Program (INSROP) – 10 years on

Brubaker

Ragner

2010

Polar Geography

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Military, Political, Legal and Human Affairs

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Shipping nuclear cargo via the Northern Sea Route

Shipping nuclear cargo via the Northern Sea Route

The International Northern Sea Route Programme (INSROP): applicable lessons learned

A review of the International Northern Sea Route Program (INSROP) – 10 years on

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