Military Smokes and Obscurants Fate and Effects: A Literature Review Relative to Threatened and Endangered Species

Stackleberg, Katherine von.; Amos, Craig.; Smith, T. K.; MacAllister, Bruce

doi:10.21236/ada443989

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 55 publications

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“…Some explosives such as nitroglycerin (NG) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) are seldom found in soils; therefore, the studies addressing them in the soil are scarce [86,87]. Table 4 shows the physio-chemical characteristics of selected explosive compounds, each of which have the potential to pose specific environmental risks as discussed later [4,11,[88][89][90]. Table 5 presents a summary of the sampling studies of explosive compounds for surface and subsurface soil at different military ranges [6,8,79,.…”

Section: Contamination and Transformation Of Soil By Energetic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review

et al. 2020

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Military activities drastically affect soil properties mainly via physical/chemical disturbances during military training and warfare. The present paper aims to review (1) physical/chemical disturbances in soils following military activities, (2) approaches to characterization of contaminated military-impacted sites, and (3) advances in human health risk assessment for evaluating potential adverse impacts. A literature search mainly covering the period 2010–2020 but also including relevant selected papers published before 2010 was conducted. Selected studies (more than 160) were grouped as follows and then reviewed: ~40 on the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), ~20 on energetic compounds (ECs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs), ~40 on human health risk assessment, and generic limits/legislation, and ~60 supporting studies. Soil physical disturbances (e.g., compaction by military traffic) may drastically affect soil properties (e.g., hydraulic conductivity) causing environmental issues (e.g., increased erosion). Chemical disturbances are caused by the introduction of numerous PTEs, ECs, and CWAs and are of a wide nature. Available generic limits/legislation for these substances is limited, and their contents do not always overlap. Among numerous PTEs in military-impacted zones, Pb seems particularly problematic due to its high toxicity, abundance, and persistence. For ECs and CWAs, their highly variable physiochemical properties and biodegradability govern their specific distribution, environmental fate, and transport. Most site characterization includes proper spatial/vertical profiling, albeit without adequate consideration of contaminant speciation/fractionation. Human health risk assessment studies generally follow an agreed upon framework; however, the depth/adequacy of their use varies. Generic limits/legislation limited to a few countries do not always include all contaminants of concern, their content doesn’t overlap, and scientific basis is not always clear. Thus, a comprehensive scientific framework covering a range of contaminants is needed. Overall, contaminant speciation, fractionation, and mobility have not been fully considered in numerous studies. Chemical speciation and bioaccessibility, which directly affect the results for risk characterization, should be properly integrated into risk assessment processes for accurate results.

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Section: Contamination and Transformation Of Soil By Energetic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review

et al. 2020

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Phosphorus [MAK Value Documentation, 2007]

2015

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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The article contains sections titled: Toxic Effects and Mode of Action Mechanism of Action Toxicokinetics and metabolism Absorption, distribution, elimination Metabolism Effects in Humans Single exposures Repeated exposures Local effects on skin and mucous membranes Allergenic effects Reproductive toxicity Genotoxicity Carcinogenicity Other effects Animal Experiments and in vitro Studies Acute toxicity Subacute, subchronic and chronic toxicity Local effects on skin and mucous membranes Allergenic effects Reproductive toxicity Genotoxicity Carcinogenicity Other effects Manifesto (MAK value, classification)

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Military Smokes and Obscurants Fate and Effects: A Literature Review Relative to Threatened and Endangered Species

Cited by 2 publications

References 55 publications

Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review

Soil Contamination in Areas Impacted by Military Activities: A Critical Review

Phosphorus [MAK Value Documentation, 2007]

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