Milk and Cheese from Cows Fed Calcium Salts of Palm and Fish Oil Alone or in Combination with Soybean Products

Abstract

Twenty cows were used in a randomized block design experiment for 6 wk to determine the influence of feeding partial ruminally inert Ca salts of palm and fish oil (Ca-PFO), alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil, on milk fatty acid (FA) methyl esters composition and consumer acceptability of milk and Cheddar cheese. Cows were fed either a diet containing 44% forage and 56% concentrate (control) or a diet supplemented with 2.7% Ca-PFO (FO), 5% extruded full-fat soybeans + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOESM), or 0.75% soybean oil + 2.7% Ca-PFO (FOSO). Total dietary FA content in the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO diets were 4.61, 6.28, 6.77, and 6.62 g/100 g, respectively. There was no difference in nutrient intake, milk yield, or milk composition among treatments. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) C(18:2) cis-9, trans-11 isomer, C(18:1) trans-11 (VA), and total n-3 FA in milk from cows on the control, FO, FOESM, and FOSO treatments were 0.56, 1.20, 1.36, and 1.74; 3.29, 4.66, 6.34, and 7.81; 0.62, 0.69, 0.69, and 0.67 g/100 g of FA, respectively. Concentrations of CLA, VA, and total n-3 FA in cheese were similar to milk. A trained sensory panel detected no difference in flavors of milk and cheese, except for acid flavor below a slightly perceptible level in cheese from all treatments. Results suggest that feeding Ca-PFO alone or in combination with extruded full-fat soybeans or soybean oil enhanced the CLA, VA, total unsaturated and n-3 FA in milk and cheese without negatively affecting cow performance and consumer acceptability characteristics of milk and cheese.

Effects of dietary sources of vegetable fats on performance of dairy ewes and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk

“…Using rapeseed oil, Mir et al (1999) obtained a significant increase in both the percentage and amount of milk fat in dairy goats. On the other hand, neither Kitessa et al (2001), with fish oil in goats, nor Allred et al (2006), with fish and soy oils in cows, observed significant differences. Finally, studying the effects of different types of vegetable oils used as supplements, Zheng et al (2005) and Bell et al (2006), in cows, and Zervas et al (1998) and Zhang et al (2006), in dairy ewes, observed that vegetable oils sharply decreased the percentage of milk fat.…”

“…Reduction in short and medium chain fatty acid content in milk after dietary supplementation using oils with a high long-chain fatty acid content has been reported in numerous studies in cattle (Allred et al, 2006;Bell et al, 2006), sheep (Zhang et al, 2006;Chiofalo et al, 2004) and goats (Schmidely and Sauvant, 2001). …”

“…On the other hand, as mentioned earlier, studies with hydrogenated palm oil are scarce. The few studies carried out with calcium soaps of palm oil report an increase (Allred et al, 2006, in dairy cows) or no effect , in dairy ewes) in C18:2 ris-9 trans-U CLA milk fat content.…”

“…The product:precursor ratios has been used as a possible indicator of A 9 -desaturase activity (Perfield et al, 2002;Lock and Garnsworthy, 2003;Allred et al, 2006;Soyeurt et al, 2008). There are four main products of A 9 -desaturase activity in the mammary gland of ruminants, C14:l, C16:l, C18:l ris-9 and C18:2 ris-9 trans-ll, which are produced from C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 and C18:l trans-ll, respectively.…”

Quantitative analysis of ruminal bacterial populations involved in lipid metabolism in dairy cows fed different vegetable oils

“…Supplementing dairy cow diets with SO can increase milk bioactive FA such as C18:1 trans-11 (Allred et al, 2006;Vargas-Bello-Perez et al, 2015a). Also, SO has been shown to reduce cellulolytic bacteria, protozoal populations and total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (Yang et al, 2009).…”