Milk and other dairy foods in relation to prostate cancer recurrence: Data from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor (CaPSURE™)

Abstract

Background High‐fat dairy, particularly whole milk, in healthy men may increase risk of aggressive prostate cancer. However, data are limited regarding dairy after prostate cancer diagnosis. Method We conducted a prospective study among 1334 men with non‐metastatic prostate cancer in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor. Men answered a food frequency questionnaire in 2004‐2005 (median 2 years after diagnosis) and were followed until 2016 for recurrence, defined as: prostate cancer death, bone metastases, biochemical recurrence, or secondary treatment. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between whole and low‐fat milk; total, high‐fat, and low‐fat dairy; and other dairy items and risk of recurrence. Results During a median follow‐up of 8 years, we observed 137 events. Men who consumed >4 servings/week versus 0‐3 servings/month of whole milk had an 73% increased risk of recurrence (HR: 1.73; 95%CI: 1.00, 2.98; P‐value = 0.04). Body mass index (BMI) modified the association (P‐interaction = 0.01). Among men with a BMI ≥27 kg/m2, >4 servings/week versus 0‐3 servings/month of whole milk was associated with a 3‐fold higher risk of recurrence (HR: 2.96; 95%CI: 1.58, 5.54; P‐value < 0.001). No association was seen in men with BMI <27 kg/m2. Low‐fat milk and other dairy foods were not associated with recurrence. Conclusion In conclusion, whole milk consumption after prostate cancer diagnosis was associated with increased risk of recurrence, particularly among very overweight or obese men. Men with prostate cancer who choose to drink milk should select non‐fat or low‐fat options.

Influence of Diet and Nutrition on Prostate Cancer

“…A meta-analysis of 12 prospective studies reported an increased risk of PCa among men who consumed large amounts of dairy products (RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.00-1.22) and calcium (RR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.09-1.77) [52], whereas another meta-analysis of 45 studies reported no association between consumption of dairy products and PCa (RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.92-1.22) [53]. Moreover, several clinical studies reported a positive association between high-fat milk intake and PCa progression and no association with low-fat milk intake [54,55], and a positive association between calcium overdose and the risk of PCa was reported [52,56,57]. Furthermore, an animal study using a mouse PCa model reported that high milk consumption exhibited slight protective effects against PCa progression by decreasing the expression of Ki-67 and G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A [58].…”

Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases

“…Pettersson et al [284] showed that men with the highest versus lowest intake of whole milk were at an increased risk of PCa progression. A prospective study among 1334 men with non-metastatic PCa in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE ™ ) reported that whole milk consumption after PCa diagnosis was associated with increased risk of recurrence, particularly among very overweight or obese men [285]. Milk fat contains branched-chain fatty acids, whose metabolism is disturbed in PCa patients.…”

“…Branched-chain fatty acids in milk and dairy products markedly enhance AMACR expression in PCa cells in vitro [289]. In contrast to whole milk, total dairy and fermented milk products did not correlate with PCa risk [281][282][283][284][285]. Milk fat and calcium are obviously not the primary causative nutritional factors in whole milk for PCa initiation and progression, as milk fat is abundant in cheese and other fermented milk products.…”

MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Estrogens in consumer milk: is there a risk to human reproductive health?

“…A study by Torfadottir (13) reported increased risk for prostate cancer in Icelandic men who consumed more dairy products in adolescence, but, interestingly, no such correlation was found between consumption of dairy products in adult life and prostate cancer risk, highlighting the potential importance of adolescent exposure to sex steroids from milk. Milk consumption has also been associated with prostate cancer recurrence especially in obese men (66) and progression of cancer growth and increased mortality in patients with localized prostate cancer (14,67). In a recent meta-analysis, Aune et al (68) also found an increased risk for prostate cancer in men with higher intake of dairy products.…”