Milk as a Substitute for Serum in Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in Goats

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in Small Ruminants in Luxor, Egypt

“…Regarding to aborted does in the present study, the seroprevalence of T. gondii was 62.8% higher than 35.4% and 22.9% by using IHA-IgG and MAT-IgM, respectively (Ramadan et al, 2007) and 17.1%by IHA-IgM (Mahboub et al, 2013). Furthermore, our study was lower than other reported in aborted does 80.0% by using DAT (Attia et al, 2017).…”

Milk as a Non-Invasive and Alternative Sample for Serum in the Diagnosis of Animal Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review

“…The selected articles were performed in the UK (15), Italy (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23), Slovak Republic (24,25), Tunisia (26), Poland (27,28), Malaysia (6), Mongolia (29), China (8), Iran (14,(30)(31)(32)(33), Brazil (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39), Egypt (13,(40)(41)(42)(43)(44), and Iraq (45). In 28 descriptive studies, 6576 milk samples were evaluated using different molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), realtime PCR, reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), nested-PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal am-plification (LAMP) for identification of the T. gondii DNA that 332 out of these samples (5.05%) were positive.…”

“…Finally, raw milk may play a role in the epidemiology of T. gondii infection. On the other hand, various studies proposed the use of non-invasive samples such as milk as an alternative to serum samples in the diagnosis of T. gondii due to easier collection and storage of milk, no need for expert staff for sampling, improvement of animal welfare and reduction of productivity due to stress, and collection of sufficient quantities of the sample for analysis at the lowest cost (41,72). Serum antibodies in an endemic area indicate a past or present invasive disease, while the presence of antibodies in milk indicates the presence of an active infection that reflected local antigenic stimuli to infection and contributes to epidemiological studies of the disease (73).…”