Milk growth factors and expression of small intestinal growth factor receptors during the perinatal period in mice

Zhang, Man; Liao, Yin; Lönnerdal, Bo

doi:10.1038/pr.2016.150

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Human milk contains different isoforms of TGF-β, which are more abundant in colostrum than in mature milk [71,72], and TGF-β2 is the most abundant (95%) [72,73]. In mice, it was previously demonstrated that TGF-β1 concentration in milk is higher than TGF-β2 [68]. In our study, TGF-β1 was not detected, corresponding with Penttila et al who did not find it in rat milk either [74].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Little is known about its concentration in rat milk, and its levels in humans were determined in studies from more than 30 years ago. In rodents, the concentration of EGF in milk is about 120-450 ng/mL in mice [67,68] and 10-31 ng/mL in rat [69]. However, it should be taken into account that in this study, milk was obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation

et al. 2021

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The composition of bioactive factors with immune activity in human breast milk is widely studied. However, the knowledge on rat milk immune factors during the whole lactation period is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze rat breast milk’s immunoglobulin (Ig) content and some critical adipokines and growth factors throughout the lactation period, and to assess relationships with corresponding plasma levels. During lactation, milk concentration of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 and -β3 showed a punctual increase in the first week, whereas adiponectin and leptin remained stable. In the second period of lactation (d14–21), despite the increase in the milk epidermal growth factor (EGF), a decrease in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was detected at day 21. Milk IgA concentration had a progressive increase during lactation, while no significant changes were found in IgM and IgG. Regarding plasma levels, a decrease in all studied adipokines was observed in the second period of lactation, with the exception of IgA and TGF-β1, which reached their highest values at the end of the study. A positive correlation in IgM, IgG, and adipokine concentration was detected between milk and plasma compartments. In summary, the changes in the pattern of these bioactive compounds in rat milk and plasma and their relationships during lactation are established.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation

et al. 2021

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“…This concept, that exogenous TGFβ supplements endogenous gut TGFβ, is similar to one proposed by Penttila et al (1998) who found that maternal milk was rich in this growth factor. A recent mouse study by Zhang et al (2016) used QPCR to measure levels of a variety of growth factor receptors in small intestine between E13 and postnatal day 60. They found that transcripts encoding TGFβ-RI were highest at E13, and fell later in gestation, then rose to a smaller peak at 2 weeks after birth.…”

Section: Sources Of Tgfβ In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transcripts encoding TGFβ-RII rose between E13 and 2 weeks after birth, and then decreased. The study reported that milk contained an average of 900 ng/ml of TGFβ1 at birth, with levels of TGFβ2 approximately an order of magnitude less (Zhang et al, 2016). In the first few postnatal weeks, the authors contended that TGFβ proteins in milk may affect epithelial terminal differentiation, and play an anti-inflammatory effect, in the small intestine.…”

Section: Sources Of Tgfβ In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 enhances smooth muscle differentiation in embryonic mouse jejunal explants

Coletta

Roberts

Randles

et al. 2017

J Tissue Eng Regen Med

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An ex vivo experimental strategy that replicates in vivo intestinal development would in theory provide an accessible setting with which to study normal and dysmorphic gut biology. The current authors recently described a system in which mouse embryonic jejunal segments were explanted onto semipermeable platforms and fed with chemically defined serum-free media. Over 3 days in organ culture, explants formed villi and they began to undergo spontaneous peristalsis. As defined in the current study, the wall of the explanted gut failed to form a robust longitudinal smooth muscle (SM) layer as it would do in vivo over the same time period. Given the role of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) in SM differentiation in other organs, it was hypothesized that exogenous TGFβ1 would enhance SM differentiation in these explants. In vivo, TGFβ receptors I and II were both detected in embryonic longitudinal jejunal SM cells and, in organ culture, exogenous TGFβ1 induced robust differentiation of longitudinal SM. Microarray profiling showed that TGFβ1 increased SM specific transcripts in a dose dependent manner. TGFβ1 proteins were detected in amniotic fluid at a time when the intestine was physiologically herniated. By analogy with the requirement for exogenous TGFβ1 for SM differentiation in organ culture, the TGFβ1 protein that was demonstrated to be present in the amniotic fluid may enhance intestinal development when it is physiologically herniated in early gestation. Future studies of embryonic intestinal cultures should include TGFβ1 in the defined media to produce a more faithful model of in vivo muscle differentiation.

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“…However, maternal care may not be the only postnatal mechanism influencing adult offspring behavior. For example, breastmilk provides not only nutrients but also a plethora of biologically active compounds, including cytokines and growth factors ( Dvorak, 2010 ; Garofalo, 2010 ; Zhang et al., 2016 ) that, via gut-brain communication ( Powell et al., 2017 ; Foster et al., 2017 ; Fung et al., 2017 ), may influence brain development and behavior ( Walfisch et al., 2013 ; Lucas et al., 1992 , 1994 ). Indeed, some studies suggested the beneficial effect of breastfeeding over formula on the cognitive and emotional development of full and preterm infants ( Lucas et al., 1992 ; Der et al., 2006 ; Kramer et al., 2008 ; Yang et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Programming of Social Dominance via Milk Cytokines

et al. 2020

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Summary Regular physical activity improves physical and mental health. Here we found that the effect of physical activity extends to the next generation. Voluntary wheel running of dams, from postpartum day 2 to weaning, increased the social dominance and reproductive success, but not the physical/metabolic health, of their otherwise sedentary offspring. The individual's own physical activity did not improve dominance status. Maternal exercise did not disrupt maternal care or the maternal and offspring microbiota. Rather, the development of dominance behavior in the offspring of running mothers could be explained by the reduction of LIF, CXCL1, and CXCL2 cytokines in breast milk. These data reveal a cytokine-mediated lactocrine pathway that responds to the mother's postpartum physical activity and programs offspring social dominance. As dominance behaviors are highly relevant to the individual's survival and reproduction, lactocrine programming could be an evolutionary mechanism by which a mother promotes the social rank of her offspring.

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Milk growth factors and expression of small intestinal growth factor receptors during the perinatal period in mice

Abstract: Gene expression of small intestinal GF receptors is likely a process of neonatal intestinal maturation that is affected concurrently by milk GFs and additional endogenous factors.

Cited by 6 publications

References 38 publications

Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation

Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation

Exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 enhances smooth muscle differentiation in embryonic mouse jejunal explants

Maternal Programming of Social Dominance via Milk Cytokines

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