Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum): A Valuable Medicinal Plant With Several Therapeutic Purposes

Válková, Veronika; Ďúranová, Hana; Bilčíková, Jana; Habán, Miroslav

doi:10.15414/jmbfs.2020.9.4.836-843

Cited by 41 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…Chemical composition. Flavonolignans such as silymarin, silybin, isosilybin and taxifolin (1.5–3.0%) are the main components reported for S. marianum ( Wynn, 1999 ; Porwal et al, 2019 ); flavonoids (quercetin derivatives); phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic and ferulic acids) ( Lucini et al, 2016 ; Valková et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy?

et al. 2020

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Background: Current recommendations for the self-management of SARS-Cov-2 disease (COVID-19) include self-isolation, rest, hydration, and the use of NSAID in case of high fever only. It is expected that many patients will add other symptomatic/adjuvant treatments, such as herbal medicines. Aims: To provide a benefits/risks assessment of selected herbal medicines traditionally indicated for "respiratory diseases" within the current frame of the COVID-19 pandemic as an adjuvant treatment. Method: The plant selection was primarily based on species listed by the WHO and EMA, but some other herbal remedies were considered due to their widespread use in respiratory conditions. Preclinical and clinical data on their efficacy and safety were collected from authoritative sources. The target population were adults with early and mild flu symptoms without underlying conditions. These were evaluated according to a modified PrOACT-URL method with paracetamol, ibuprofen, and codeine as reference drugs. The benefits/risks balance of the treatments was classified as positive, promising, negative, and unknown. Results: A total of 39 herbal medicines were identified as very likely to appeal to the COVID-19 patient. According to our method, the benefits/risks assessment of the herbal medicines was found to be positive in 5 cases (Althaea officinalis, Commiphora molmol, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hedera helix, and Sambucus nigra), promising in 12 cases (Allium sativum, Andrographis paniculata, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Eucalyptus globulus essential oil, Justicia pectoralis, Magnolia officinalis, Mikania glomerata, Pelargonium sidoides, Pimpinella anisum, Salix sp, Zingiber officinale), and unknown for the rest. On the same grounds, only ibuprofen resulted promising, but we could not find compelling evidence to endorse the use of paracetamol and/or codeine. Conclusions: Our work suggests that several herbal medicines have safety margins superior to those of reference drugs and enough levels of evidence to start a clinical

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy?

et al. 2020

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“…Silymarin is popular mainly due to its hepatoprotective action 10 . It also exerts various other bioactivities such as anti‐inflammatory, antifibrotic, antitoxin, and antioxidant activities 11,12 . Most of the beneficial effects of silymarin have been attributed to its predominant component silybin (content ca.…”

Section: Introduction: Silymarin Its Constituents and Pharmacodynamic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polyphenols suffer from low oral bioavailability and excessive metabolism, 27–29 and hence it is a matter of debate how flavonolignans can exert hepatoprotective effects in humans 10,12 . Moreover, there are claims of their potential interaction with concomitantly used drugs.…”

Section: Introduction: Silymarin Its Constituents and Pharmacodynamic Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of pharmacokinetics and potential pharmacokinetic interactions of flavonolignans from silymarin

Tvrdý

Pourová

Jirkovský

et al. 2021

Medicinal Research Reviews

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Silymarin is an extract from the seeds (fruits) of Silybum marianum that contains flavonolignans and flavonoids. Although it is frequently used as a hepatoprotective agent, its application remains somewhat debatable, in particular, due to the low oral bioavailability of flavonolignans. Moreover, there are claims of its potential interactions with concomitantly used drugs. This review aims at a systematic summary and critical assessment of known information on the pharmacokinetics of particular silymarin flavonolignans. There are two known major reasons for poor systemic oral bioavailability of flavonolignans: (1) rapid conjugation in intestinal cells or the liver and (2) efflux of parent flavonolignans or formed conjugates back to the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract by intestinal cells and rapid excretion by the liver into the bile. The metabolism of phase I appears to play a minor role, in contrast to extensive conjugation and indeed the unconjugated flavonolignans reach low plasma levels after common doses. Only about 1%–5% of the administered dose is eliminated by the kidneys. Many in vitro studies tested the inhibitory potential of silymarin and its components toward different enzymes and transporters involved in the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of xenobiotics. In most cases, effective concentrations are too high to be relevant under real biological conditions. Most human studies showed no silymarin–drug interactions explainable by these suggested interferences. More interactions were found in animal studies, likely due to the much higher doses administered.

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“…Silymarin perfectly protects the liver from toxic agents and helps regenerate it [30,33]. In addition, it has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the migration of neutrophils and fostering the formation of prostaglandins [34][35][36]. Due to its medicinal properties, silymarin is preferred by veterinary doctors as a natural medicine and recommended for intensive animal production [7,[37][38][39][40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) Seeds in Broiler Chicken Diets on Rearing Results, Carcass Composition, and Meat Quality

Janocha

Milczarek

Pietrusiak

2021

Animals

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The studies aimed to evaluate the impact of milk thistle seeds in broiler chicken feed rations on rearing results, carcass composition and meat quality. The experiment involved 120 broiler chickens randomly allocated to three equinumerous groups (C, MT02, MT23). Each group was divided into five subgroups of eight chickens each. Over the first 21 days of life the birds were fed starter rations, and over the following 21 days received grower rations. Chicken starter/grower diets in groups MT02 and MT23 were supplemented with ground seeds of milk thistle in the amount of 0/2% (MT02) and 2/3% (MT23). It was demonstrated that Silybum marianum added to feed rations over the whole rearing period (group MT23) increased above 3% the birds’ body weight on rearing day 42. (p < 0.05) and decreased about 7% the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) in comparison to group C. No effect of feeding on the carcass composition was observed, including on muscularity and fattening grade, although diets containing milk thistle reduced (by 15% and 19% in group MT02 and MT23, respectively) the content of crude fat in chicken leg muscles (p < 0.05). The highest (p < 0.05) content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was determined in the breast (38.06%) and leg (37.63%) muscles of chicken receiving feed rations containing Silybum marianum throughout the rearing period. No effect of nutrition on the evaluated physical properties of muscles was observed, except on the decrease in lightness color (L*) and increase in values a* and C as well as a decrease of water holding capacity of the breast muscles. It was found that Silybum marianum in chicken diets had a positive effect on the evaluated meat flavor characteristics of the muscles. To sum up, based on the study results, including ground seeds of milk thistle in broiler chickens nutrition can be recommended in the amount of 2/3% in starter/grower diets, respectively.

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Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum): A Valuable Medicinal Plant With Several Therapeutic Purposes

Cited by 41 publications

References 75 publications

COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy?

COVID-19: Is There Evidence for the Use of Herbal Medicines as Adjuvant Symptomatic Therapy?

Systematic review of pharmacokinetics and potential pharmacokinetic interactions of flavonolignans from silymarin

Impact of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.) Seeds in Broiler Chicken Diets on Rearing Results, Carcass Composition, and Meat Quality

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