Milking and partial characterization of venom from the Brazilian spider Vitalius dubius (Theraphosidae)

Pharmacological Characterization of the Edema Caused by Vitalius dubius (Theraphosidae, Mygalomorphae) Spider Venom in Rats

“…(Futrell, 1992;Tambourgi et al, 2010), V. dubius venom caused no macroscopic local dermonecrosis; there were also no macroscopic alterations or damage to internal organs. This lack of local and systemic lesions agrees with the absence of proteolytic (caseinolytic, elastolytic, and collagenolytic) activity in this venom (Rocha-e-Silva et al, 2009b).…”

“…The finding that the increase in vascular permeability caused by P. nigriventer and T. serrulatus venoms was abolished by antivenom agreed with the demonstration by Toro et al (2006) that IgG partially neutralized the edematogenic activity of these two venoms and indicated that the venom components responsible for this activity were peptides/polypeptides that were sufficiently immunogenic so as to stimulate antibody production in horses. We have previously shown, using ELISA and immunoblotting, that V. dubius venom also cross-reacts with this antiarachnid antivenom produced by the Instituto Butantan (Rocha-e-Silva et al, 2009b). Immunoblotting showed that only venom components .10 kDa reacted with the antivenom (Rocha-e-Silva et al, 2009b), including hyaluronidase (45 kDa) (Sutti et al, 2014).…”

“…The amount of P. nigriventer and T. serrulatus venoms to be injected per site was determined from preliminary experiments using various amounts of venom and found to be 5 mg/site because this produced plasma extravasation similar to that obtained with 10 mg V. dubius venom/site. The IgG concentrations used in the neutralization assays were 0.3 mg/ml for V. dubius venom (1:3, venom:IgG) and 0.1 mg/ml for P. nigriventer and T. serrulatus venoms (1:2, venom:IgG), based on the differential reactivity described by Rocha-e-Silva et al (2009b). The mixtures of Igs and venom were preincubated for 1 hour at 37°C before injecting into the dorsal skin.…”

“…We have previously reported on the venom gland structure (Rocha-e-Silva et al, 2009a) and general venom composition (Rocha-e-Silva et al, 2009b) of V. dubius. We have also isolated a nicotinic receptor antagonist (Rocha-e-Silva et al, 2013) and hyaluronidase (Sutti et al, 2014) from this venom.…”

Venom Profiling of a Population of the Theraphosid Spider Phlogius crassipes Reveals Continuous Ontogenetic Changes from Juveniles through Adulthood

“…The venoms of male tarantulas tend to show greater variation in composition compared to female venoms [22,23,25,33]. Herzig demonstrated that male Coremiocnemis tropix yield considerable less venom than females, but their venom contains a higher variety of toxin components [22,23].…”