Millennial to interannual climate variability in the Mediterranean during the Last Glacial Maximum

Chondrogianni, Christina; Ariztegui, Daniel; Rolph, Tim; Juggins, Steve; Shemesh, Aldo; Rietti-Shati, Miri; Niessen, Frank; Guilizzoni, Piero; Lami, Andrea; McKenzie, Judith A.; Oldfield, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.01.029

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This varies from wooded mountains and grassy plains in central Istria to karstic landscapes in the Dinarides. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is intimately linked with the climate of Greenland and northern Europe, but has also been shown to affect both European and Mediterranean climate as far back as the LGM (Chondrogianni et al, 2004). Prevailing westerlies push mild air across Europe and pull cold air into the eastern Mediterranean to cause colder, wetter winters.…”

Section: Regional Setting: Climate Environment and Sea Level Risementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prevailing westerlies push mild air across Europe and pull cold air into the eastern Mediterranean to cause colder, wetter winters. Strong westerlies will result in warmer winters in northern Europe, colder ones in the Near East, and increased rainfall in Eastern Europe (Chondrogianni et al, 2004).…”

Section: Regional Setting: Climate Environment and Sea Level Risementioning

confidence: 99%

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A long hard road… Reviewing the evidence for environmental change and population history in the eastern Adriatic and western Balkans during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene

Birch

Linden

2018

Quaternary International

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The eastern Adriatic and western Balkans are key areas for assessing the environmental and population history of Europe during the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene. It has been argued that the Balkan region served as a Late Glacial refugium for humans, animals, and plants, much like Iberia and the Italian Peninsula and in contrast to the harsh conditions of Eastern and Central Europe. As post-glacial amelioration occurred and sea level rose, these regions to the north and west of the Balkan Mountains became forested and were populated by Mesolithic forager-fishers. Meanwhile, to the south, the domestication of plants and animals in the Near East began to cause large-scale environmental as well as lifestyle changes. Even as the Balkan Peninsula was a likely crossroads on the route for the spread of agriculture and herding from Southwest Asia into Europe, issues such as pre-Neolithic settlement, the discussion of human-environment interactions, and the role of climate events such as the 11.4, 9.3, and 8.2 ka cal BP in this critical landscape are often overlooked. Efforts to counter this challenge have been hampered by an apparent lack of data, so that the region hardly occurs in distribution maps. In part this is due to patchy research and a complicated political history, which have contributed to a fragmented archaeological and paleoecological record. Yet, as we show here, there is in fact plenty of evidence available for review. We present a survey of different proxies for environment and settlement throughout the Late Pleistocene and into the Early Holocene, combining radiocarbon data with zooarchaeological, lithic, and palynological records. By mapping this evidence, we are able to discuss the impact of climate change during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and consider the role of environment and landscape on human population distribution at this crossroads in place and time.

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Section: Regional Setting: Climate Environment and Sea Level Risementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regional Setting: Climate Environment and Sea Level Risementioning

confidence: 99%

A long hard road… Reviewing the evidence for environmental change and population history in the eastern Adriatic and western Balkans during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene

Birch

Linden

2018

Quaternary International

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“…Further west, we hypothesize that harbour porpoises colonized the Mediterranean Sea sometime during the second half of the Pleistocene (600 000 to 21 000 yr BP) and had limited exchange with Atlantic populations after that time. Harbour porpoises expanded their range to the eastern Mediterranean where increasing sea temperatures (Chondrogianni et al 2004) facilitated their recent colonization of the Black Sea 7000 to 5000 yr BP. However, it is not possible to test this scenario directly, because harbour porpoises have now disappeared from the Mediterranean.…”

Section: Population History and Population Parameter Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and genetic differentiation of the Black Sea harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena

Viaud-Martínez¹,

Vergara²,

Gol’din³

et al. 2007

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The ecological and conservation status of the geographically isolated Black Sea harbour porpoise is currently unknown. Although it has been suggested that Black Sea harbour porpoises are distinct from other populations, the implementation of specific conservation plans has been hindered by the absence of a genetic and morphological study with large sample sizes. We sought to test the hypothesis that Black Sea porpoises differ from those in the Atlantic Ocean using cranial morphology and mitochondrial DNA variation. A total of 177 adult skulls from the Atlantic coast of France, Danish North Sea including Skagerrak and Inner Danish Waters, Greenland and the Black Sea were scored for 22 morphological variables. A portion of the mitochondrial control region was sequenced for 146 ind. from the eastern north Atlantic, the northern Aegean Sea, the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Within the Black Sea, we found relatively low levels of genetic diversity, and no statistically significant differentiation. However, the Black Sea population shares no haplotypes with the eastern Atlantic populations, suggesting that they have been separated for thousands of years. Black Sea porpoises also show significant morphological differences from other populations, with smaller body and skull size, wider and longer rostrum, smaller orbital length, smaller internal nares and condylar widths and larger occipital ridge. Our results demonstrate that harbour porpoises from the Black Sea, Sea of Marmara and the northern Aegean Sea (eastern region): (1) are genetically differentiated; (2) have been reproductively isolated for a considerable period of time; and (3) are likely to be on an independent evolutionary pathway. We recommend that harbour porpoises from the eastern region be recognized as the subspecies Phocoena phocoena relicta.

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“…in different time windows (Chondrogianni et al, 2004). Furthermore, image analysis of the Butrint record has demonstrated that sedimentary intervals containing thicker gray laminae (i.e., elevated precipitation rates during winter) coincide with negative phases of the NAO index ( Fig.…”

Section: Geochemical Record Of Changing Environmental Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Natural and human-induced environmental change in southern Albania for the last 300years — Constraints from the Lake Butrint sedimentary record

Ariztegui

Anselmetti

Robbiani

et al. 2010

Global and Planetary Change

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oA sediment core from Lake Butrint in southwestern Albania contains an annually-layered sequence covering the last ∼ 300 years. It provides thus an exceptionally well-dated time series to study past climate-driven environmental changes, as well as anthropogenic perturbations along the coast of the Ionian Sea. The varves are composed of organic-rich carbonate couplets and detritus-dominated clay layers. The first are deposited during spring-to-fall, and reflect the chemistry of the lake, which, in turn, is sensitive to 1) the relative importance of marine versus freshwater inputs, 2) relative evaporation rates, and 3) the productivity cycle within the lake. The detrital laminae are deposited during winter, reflecting precipitation and runoff conditions during the wet season. A 2-3‰ stable carbon isotope ratio shift in both bulk organics and authigenic carbonates was attributed to increasing eutrophication towards the end of the 20th century, and validated by historical and instrumental data. An increase in the δ 18 O of authigenic carbonates by more than 8‰ indicates the progressive salinization of the lake, which can primarily be attributed to man-made perturbations that reduced the freshwater input to the lake and/or enhanced the exchange with seawater from the nearby Ionian Sea. A recent increase in the relative evaporation versus precipitation rates may have additionally contributed to the observed 18 O enrichment in the Lake Butrint carbonates. The interdecadal cyclicity in the thickness of the detrital laminae seems to be at least partially controlled by NAO and/or ENSO-like phenomena that modulate precipitation patterns in the eastern Mediterranean. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of combining microstratigraphic and stable isotopic tools to disentangle anthropogenic and natural environmental changes in Lake Butrint, validated by historical records.

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Millennial to interannual climate variability in the Mediterranean during the Last Glacial Maximum

Cited by 41 publications

References 31 publications

A long hard road… Reviewing the evidence for environmental change and population history in the eastern Adriatic and western Balkans during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene

A long hard road… Reviewing the evidence for environmental change and population history in the eastern Adriatic and western Balkans during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene

Morphological and genetic differentiation of the Black Sea harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena

Natural and human-induced environmental change in southern Albania for the last 300years — Constraints from the Lake Butrint sedimentary record

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