“…In the existing literature, CA is found to negatively affect users' attitudes and their learning behaviors and performance (Atif et al, 2015;Callum et al, 2014;Chavoshi and Hamidi, 2019;Lazar et al, 2020). Specifically, a high level of anxiety may reduce learners' motivation and decrease learning gratification and persistence (Abdullah and Ward, 2016;Chen, 2018Chen, , 2019 and negatively impact their perception of the ease of use and usefulness of m-learning (Al-Emran et al, 2018;Nikou and Economides, 2017;Warden et al, 2020). Moreover, scholars have demonstrated that anxiety greatly decreases user confidence in, satisfaction with and acceptance of m-learning (Chen, 2019;Lazar et al, 2020;Carlos Sanchez-Prieto et al, 2017).…”