Milligram mass metrology using an electrostatic force balance

Shaw, Gordon A.; Stirling, Julian; Kramar, John A.; Moses, Alexander D.; Abbott, Patrick J.; Steiner, Reto; Koffman, Andrew D.; Pratt, Jon R.; Kubarych, Zeina J.

doi:10.1088/0026-1394/53/5/a86

Cited by 59 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…An example of such measurement techniques is an electrostatic force balance for mass measurements in the mg range. 46 In the electrostatic force balance, electrostatic force is generated and is balanced with the gravity force acting on a sample, where the electrostatic force is measured on the basis of the Planck From these values in the CODATA 2018 adjustment, Mu is estimated to be 0.999 999 999 65(30) × 10 −3 kg mol −1 . 42 The molar mass of 12 C is presently therefore not exactly…”

Section: -2 Small Mass Measurement Based On the Planck Constantmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Definitions of the Kilogram and the Mole: Paradigm Shift to the Definitions Based on Physical Constants

Kuramoto

2020

ANAL. SCI.

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The kilogram is the unit of mass and was defined in 1889 by the international prototype of the kilogram. The mole is the unit of amount of substance and was defined in 1960 by the number of atoms in 0.012 kg of 12 C. These definitions were revised in May 2019. The new definitions of the kilogram and the mole are based on the Planck constant h and the Avogadro constant NA, respectively. The values of h and NA used in the new definitions were determined by summarizing measurement results of the two physical constants by several national metrology institutes around the world. In this review, the history of the two units and measurement technologies used to derive the new definitions are described. The effect of the revision on the development of new measurement technologies is also introduced.

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Section: -2 Small Mass Measurement Based On the Planck Constantmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Definitions of the Kilogram and the Mole: Paradigm Shift to the Definitions Based on Physical Constants

Kuramoto

2020

ANAL. SCI.

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“…where the dimensionless scaling constant K=ABE 2 /D. This is directly analogous to the fundamental relation used in the realization of mass in the Kibble balance [63] and electrostatic force balance [51], in which = ℎΔ ( Cs 133 ) hfs 2 .…”

Section: Appendix B Relating Mass and Optical Power To The Defining mentioning

confidence: 92%

Meta-study of laser power calibrations ranging 20 orders of magnitude with traceability to the kilogram

et al. 2019

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Laser power metrology at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ranges 20 orders of magnitude from photon-counting (10 3 photons/s) to 100 kW (10 23 photons/s at a wavelength of 1070 nm). As a part of routine practices, we perform internal (unpublished) comparisons between our various power meters to verify correct operation. Here we use the results of these intercomparisons to demonstrate an unbroken chain tracing each power meter's calibration factor to the NIST cryogenic radiometer (our lowest uncertainty standard, whose SI traceability is established through the volt and ohm units). This yields the expected result that all the NIST primary standard measurement techniques agree with each other to within their measurement uncertainty. Then, these intercomparison results are re-mapped to describe the agreement of the various techniques with our radiation-pressure-based power measurement approach, whose SI traceability is established through the kilogram. Again, agreement is demonstrated to within the measurement uncertainty. This agreement is reassuring because the measurements are compared with two entirely different traceability paths and show expected agreement in each case. The ramifications of this agreement as well as potential means to improve on it are discussed.We demonstrate SI measurement traceability of our single-photon power measurement through the kilogram with less than 3 % relative expanded uncertainty (obtained for a coverage factor k=2 defining an interval having a level of confidence of approximately 95 %). I. (cesium hyperfine splitting frequency), and c (the speed of light in vacuum). *At the time of publication, the NextGenC is not yet fully validated as a primary standard but is included for completeness.

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“…The specialized literature [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] confirms that several studies have been carried out to guarantee metrological reliability in industrial measurement processes. In specific terms, in mass measurement processes, environmental conditions (atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature) strongly influence the indication of apparent mass [ 7 , 8 ]. Thus, the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) in its recommendation R-76-1 [1] defines apparent mass as that mass value that must be corrected for environmental conditions and for gravitational effects [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty analysis of a non-automatic weighing instrument from calibration data on scales according to the SIM guide

et al. 2020

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This research was motivated by technical-economic challenges imposed by mass metrology, specifically, in matters concerning calibration methods of non-automatic type weighing instruments ( i.e. : digital scales). In order to contextualize the problem detected, in the industry there are different processes of mass measurement that are controlled by digital scales, such as: mass of liquids, chemicals, food, body mass of a person. In these processes, the scale is used in the following four conditions for mass measurement: (i) ascending and descending load, returned to zero; (ii) ascending and descending load, without the need to return to zero; (iii) only with ascending load and (iv) only with descending load. In this context and, maintaining the principles for the calibration of a measurement instrument in which it must be carried out under the same operating conditions as the instrument, metrology laboratories must knowing the metrological reliability ( i.e. : errors and uncertainties) for each situation. This is exactly the main motivation for the development of the research. Thus, the experimental data obtained in a research laboratory under controlled environmental conditions allowed obtaining a minimum expanded uncertainty associated with the mass measurement of 0.0012 kg ( k =2; confidence level: 95%).

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Milligram mass metrology using an electrostatic force balance

Cited by 59 publications

References 34 publications

New Definitions of the Kilogram and the Mole: Paradigm Shift to the Definitions Based on Physical Constants

New Definitions of the Kilogram and the Mole: Paradigm Shift to the Definitions Based on Physical Constants

Meta-study of laser power calibrations ranging 20 orders of magnitude with traceability to the kilogram

Uncertainty analysis of a non-automatic weighing instrument from calibration data on scales according to the SIM guide

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