Millimeter-wave propagation and attenuation in closed packed sea-foam layer and complex dielectric constant of sea-foam using split-step fourier transform

Numerical Simulation of Millimeter Wave Scattering by Foam Covered Flat Sea-surface modelled as Sequences of Thin Phase Scattering Screens

“…Figures A-E in [11] comprise of 3D (three dimensions) slices of randomly packed spheres in a unit cube. These slices were later translated to 2D slices of randomly packed circles.…”

“…The grid sizes were sampled such that the edges of the circles circumference which intersects with grid points farther from the inner grids bounded by the circles are negligible. Estimate of the effective dielectric constant of sea foams were made by modelling the randomly packed bubbles as concentric circles in 2-D where the outer circle is a mixture of air and seawater while the inner circle contains about (80 − 95) % air, with these estimates we were able to calculate the area of the annulus (ring) as the radii of the outer circles are known [11].…”